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| === Laboratory Findings ===
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| * [[Complete blood count]] ([[CBC]])
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| * [[Stool culture]]s
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| * [[Pregnancy test]]
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| * [[Erythrocyte sedimentation rate]] ([[ESR]])
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| * Liver workup ([[liver function test]]s, [[biopsy]], [[hepatitis]] panel)
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| === MRI and CT ===
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| * Pelvic and abdominal [[CT scan]]s could reveal:
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| *:* [[Cirrhosis]]
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| *:* Ovarian masses
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| *:* [[Pseudocyst]]s
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| *:* [[Aneurysm]]s
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| === Echocardiography or Ultrasound ===
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| * Pelvic and abdominal ultrasound may reveal:
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| *:* Ovarian mass
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| *:* [[Pregnancy]]
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| *:* [[Ascites]]
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| *:* [[Liver disease]]
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| === Other Imaging Findings ===
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| * KUB x-rays ([[kidney]], [[ureter]], [[bladder]])
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| *:* Could reveal [[paralytic ileus]], [[constipation]], [[air swallowing]], [[bowel obstruction]]
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| === Other Diagnostic Studies ===
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| * [[Biopsy]] for masses/tumors
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| * [[Endoscopy]] (lower gastrointestinal) may be performed to rule out any organic pathology before [[irritable bowel syndrome]] can be diagnosed.
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| * [[Paracentesis]] may provide symptomatic relief and is diagnostic for [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]] (SBP) and malignant [[ascites]].
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| == Treatment ==
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| * For [[malabsorption]], reduce milk intake and change diet
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| * For [[bowel obstruction]], [[pancreatitis]] (for example), [[nasogastric tube]] decompression and bowel rest (when indicated)
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| * For swallowing air, awareness is key:
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| *:* Sip hot beverages
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| *:* Avoid carbonated beverages
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| *:* Chew gum/suck on candies
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| *:* Eat slowly
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| *:* Drink through a straw
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| * Treatment of underlying [[liver disease]]s (management of complications)
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| * Increase dietary fiber, reduce stress, and [[antispasmodic]]s for [[irritable bowel syndrome]]
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| === Acute Pharmacotherapies ===
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| * For [[constipation]], [[laxative]]s
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| * For [[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis]] (SBP), [[antibiotic]]s
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| == Surgery and Device Based Therapy ==
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| * Referral for [[hernia]]s (if and when appropriate)
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==See also==
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| * [[Gastric distension]]
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| * [[Bloating]]
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