Hypoglycemia causes: Difference between revisions
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(/* Causes in Alphabetical OrderKahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:88Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir ...) |
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* [[Adrenal insufficiency]] | * [[Adrenal insufficiency]] | ||
* Autonomic dystonia | * Autonomic dystonia | ||
* | * Autonomic neuropathy | ||
* [[Diabetes Mellitus|Beginning stages of diabetes]] | * [[Diabetes Mellitus|Beginning stages of diabetes]] | ||
* Benign glucosuria | * Benign [[glucosuria]] | ||
* [[Cachexia]] | * [[Cachexia]] | ||
* [[Cirrhosis]] | * [[Cirrhosis]] | ||
* Congenital hormone or enzyme defects | * Congenital hormone or enzyme defects | ||
* Deficiency in enzymes of fat oxidation | * Deficiency in enzymes of fat oxidation | ||
* Diabetic mother | * [[Diabetic mother]] | ||
* Drugs | * Drugs | ||
* | * Heightened vagal tone | ||
* Endotoxic shock | * Endotoxic shock | ||
* Extrapancreatic tumor | * Extrapancreatic tumor | ||
* Fructose intolerance | * Fructose intolerance | ||
* [[Galactosemia]] | * [[Galactosemia]] | ||
* Gastrectomy | * [[Gastrectomy]] | ||
* Gastric emptying disorder | * [[Gastric emptying disorder]] | ||
* Gastrojejunostomy | * [[Gastrojejunostomy]] | ||
* Gestational diabetic mother | * [[Gestational diabetic mother]] | ||
* Glucagon deficiency | * [[Glucagon deficiency]] | ||
* Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency | * [[Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency]] | ||
* Glycogenosis type V | * [[Glycogenosis type V]] | ||
* Heavy exercise | * Heavy exercise | ||
* Hepatic congestion | * Hepatic congestion | ||
* [[Heightened vagal tone]] | |||
* [[Hypopituitarism]] | * [[Hypopituitarism]] | ||
* [[Hypothermia]] | * [[Hypothermia]] | ||
| Line 41: | Line 41: | ||
* Idiopathic | * Idiopathic | ||
* Idiopathic hypoglycemia McQuarrie | * Idiopathic hypoglycemia McQuarrie | ||
* Insulinoma | * [[Insulinoma]] | ||
* Insulin autoimmunity | * [[Insulin autoimmunity]] | ||
* Ketotic hypoglycemia of infancy | * [[Ketotic hypoglycemia of infancy]] | ||
* Late pregnancy | * [[Late pregnancy]] | ||
* Leucine sensitivity | * [[Leucine sensitivity]] | ||
* Liver cell carcinoma | * [[Liver cell carcinoma]] | ||
* Malabsorption | * [[Malabsorption]] | ||
* Maldigestion | * [[Maldigestion]] | ||
* [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (MEN) | * [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]] (MEN) | ||
* Pituitary or adrenal insufficiency | * Pituitary or adrenal insufficiency | ||
* Pyloroplasty | * [[Pyloroplasty]] | ||
* [[Renal Failure]] | * [[Renal Failure]] | ||
* Renal hypoglycemia | * [[Renal hypoglycemia]] | ||
* Sarcomas | * [[Sarcomas]] | ||
* [[Sepsis]] | * [[Sepsis]] | ||
* Severe hepatitis | * Severe hepatitis | ||
* Severe malnutrition | * [[Severe malnutrition]] | ||
* Systemic carnitine deficiency | * [[Systemic carnitine deficiency]] | ||
* Tumors | * [[Tumors]] | ||
* [[Uremia]] | * [[Uremia]] | ||
There are several ways to classify hypoglycemia. The following is a list of the more common causes and factors which may contribute to hypoglycemia grouped by age, followed by some causes that are relatively age-independent. | There are several ways to classify hypoglycemia. The following is a list of the more common causes and factors which may contribute to hypoglycemia grouped by age, followed by some causes that are relatively age-independent. | ||
Revision as of 18:41, 24 August 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Causes
Causes in Alphabetical Order[1][2]
- Adrenal insufficiency
- Autonomic dystonia
- Autonomic neuropathy
- Beginning stages of diabetes
- Benign glucosuria
- Cachexia
- Cirrhosis
- Congenital hormone or enzyme defects
- Deficiency in enzymes of fat oxidation
- Diabetic mother
- Drugs
- Heightened vagal tone
- Endotoxic shock
- Extrapancreatic tumor
- Fructose intolerance
- Galactosemia
- Gastrectomy
- Gastric emptying disorder
- Gastrojejunostomy
- Gestational diabetic mother
- Glucagon deficiency
- Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- Glycogenosis type V
- Heavy exercise
- Hepatic congestion
- Heightened vagal tone
- Hypopituitarism
- Hypothermia
- Hypothyroidism
- Idiopathic
- Idiopathic hypoglycemia McQuarrie
- Insulinoma
- Insulin autoimmunity
- Ketotic hypoglycemia of infancy
- Late pregnancy
- Leucine sensitivity
- Liver cell carcinoma
- Malabsorption
- Maldigestion
- Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
- Pituitary or adrenal insufficiency
- Pyloroplasty
- Renal Failure
- Renal hypoglycemia
- Sarcomas
- Sepsis
- Severe hepatitis
- Severe malnutrition
- Systemic carnitine deficiency
- Tumors
- Uremia
There are several ways to classify hypoglycemia. The following is a list of the more common causes and factors which may contribute to hypoglycemia grouped by age, followed by some causes that are relatively age-independent.
Hypoglycemia in newborn infants
Hypoglycemia is a common problem in critically ill or extremely low birthweight infants. If not due to maternal hyperglycemia, in most cases it is multifactorial, transient and easily supported. In a minority of cases hypoglycemia turns out to be due to significant hyperinsulinism, hypopituitarism or an inborn error of metabolism and presents more of a management challenge.
- Transient neonatal hypoglycemia
- Prematurity, intrauterine growth retardation, perinatal asphyxia
- Maternal hyperglycemia due to diabetes or iatrogenic glucose administration
- Sepsis
- Prolonged fasting (e.g., due to inadequate breast milk or condition interfering with feeding)
- Congenital hypopituitarism
- Congenital hyperinsulinism, several types, both transient and persistent
- Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism such as glycogen storage disease
Hypoglycemia in young children
Single episodes of hypoglycemia due to gastroenteritis or fasting, but recurrent episodes nearly always indicate either an inborn error of metabolism, congenital hypopituitarism, or congenital hyperinsulinism
- Prolonged fasting
- Diarrheal illness in young children, especially rotavirus gastroenteritis
- Idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia
- Isolated growth hormone deficiency, hypopituitarism
- Insulin excess
- Hyperinsulinism due to several congenital disorders of insulin secretion
- Insulin injected for type 1 diabetes
- Gastric dumping syndrome (after gastrointestinal surgery)
- Other congenital metabolic diseases; some of the common include
- Accidental ingestions
- Sulfonylureas, propranolol and others
- Ethanol (mouthwash, "leftover morning-after-the-party drinks")
Hypoglycemia in older children and young adults
By far the most common cause of severe hypoglycemia in this age range is insulin injected for type 1 diabetes. Circumstances should provide clues fairly quickly for the new diseases causing severe hypoglycemia. All of the congenital metabolic defects, congenital forms of hyperinsulinism, and congenital hypopituitarism are likely to have already been diagnosed or are unlikely to start causing new hypoglycemia at this age. Body mass is large enough to make starvation hypoglycemia and idiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia quite uncommon. Recurrent mild hypoglycemia may fit a reactive hypoglycemia pattern, but this is also the peak age for idiopathic postprandial syndrome, and recurrent "spells" in this age group can be traced to orthostatic hypotension or hyperventilation as often as demonstrable hypoglycemia.
- Insulin-induced hypoglycemia
- Insulin injected for type 1 diabetes
- Factitious insulin injection (Munchausen syndrome)
- Insulin-secreting pancreatic tumor
- Reactive hypoglycemia and idiopathic postprandial syndrome
- Addison's disease
- Sepsis
Hypoglycemia in older adults
The incidence of hypoglycemia due to complex drug interactions, especially involving oral hypoglycemic agents and insulin for diabetes rises with age. Though much rarer, the incidence of insulin-producing tumors also rises with advancing age. Most tumors causing hypoglycemia by mechanisms other than insulin excess occur in adults.
- Insulin-induced hypoglycemia
- Insulin injected for diabetes
- Factitious insulin injection (Munchausen syndrome)
- Excessive effects of oral diabetes drugs, beta-blockers, or drug interactions
- Insulin-secreting pancreatic tumor
- Alimentary (rapid jejunal emptying with exaggerated insulin response)
- After gastrectomy dumping syndrome or bowel bypass surgery or resection
- Reactive hypoglycemia and idiopathic postprandial syndrome
- Tumor hypoglycemia, Doege-Potter syndrome
- Acquired adrenal insufficiency
- Acquired hypopituitarism
- Immunopathologic hypoglycemia [3]
References
- ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:88
- ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:199-200
- ↑ "The Hypoglycemic states - Hypoglycemia". The Hypoglycemic states. Armenian Medical Network. 2007. Text " Umesh Masharani, MB, BS, MRCP(UK) " ignored (help)