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| == Causes == | | == Causes == |
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
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| * [[Aceclidine ]]
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| * [[Acepromazine ]]
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| * [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ]]
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| * [[Adenosine ]]
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| * [[Amiodarone ]]
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| * [[Amodiaquine ]]
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| * [[Anorexia Nervosa]]
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| * [[Anorexia Nervosa ]]
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| * [[Apnea of prematurity ]]
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| * [[Asphyxia neonatorum ]]
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| * [[Atenolol ]]
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| * [[Athlete ]]
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| * [[Atrioventricular Block ]]
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| * [[Autonomic neuropathy]]
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| * [[Barbiturates ]]
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| * [[Beta-blockers ]]
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| * [[Brucellosis ]]
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| * [[Bupivacaine ]]
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| * [[Calcium channel blocker ]]
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| * [[Carbamate]]
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| * [[Cardiac arrhythmia ]]
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| * [[Cardiac catheterization]]
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| * [[Cardiac Dysrhythmias ]]
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| * [[Cardiomegaly ]]
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| * [[Cardiomyopathy]]
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| * [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ]]
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| * [[Cerebral hemorrhage]]
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| * [[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ]]
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| * [[Chagas' disease]]
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| * [[Clomipramine ]]
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| * [[Clonidine]]
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| * [[Colorado tick fever]]
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| * [[Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid20301600">{{cite journal |author=Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, ''et al.'' |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=20301600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| * [[Congenital Long QT Syndrome]]
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| * [[Cushing reaction]]
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| * [[Cushing reflex ]]
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| * [[Cushing triad ]]
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| * [[Cyclic antidepressant poisoning ]]
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| * [[Detomidine ]]
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| * [[Digitalis ]]
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| * [[Diltiazem ]]
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| * [[Diphenhydramine ]]
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| * [[Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia]]<ref name="pmid3976722">{{cite journal |author=Goldstein S, Qazi QH, Fitzgerald J, Goldstein J, Friedman AP, Sawyer P |title=Distichiasis, congenital heart defects and mixed peripheral vascular anomalies |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=283–94 |year=1985 |month=February |pmid=3976722 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320200212 |url=}}</ref>
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| * [[Donepezil ]]
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| * [[Doxepin ]]
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| * [[Drowning ]]
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| * [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy ]]
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| * [[Enema]]
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| * [[Fetal distress ]]
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| * [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid ]]
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| * [[Gastric lavage]]
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| * [[Glyceryl trinitrate ]]
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| * [[Grayanotoxin]]
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| * [[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ]]
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| * [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
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| * [[Heat exhaustion]]
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| * [[Hellebore ]]
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| * [[Holt-Oram syndrome]]
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| * [[Hydrocodone ]]
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| * [[Hydroxyethyl starch]][[ Speedball (drug) ]]
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| * [[Hypercalcemia ]]
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| * [[Hyperkalemia ]]
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| * [[Hypokalemia ]]
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| * [[Hypothermia]]
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| * [[Hypothyroidism ]]
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| * [[Ibuprofen ]]
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| * [[Increased intracranial pressure]]
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| * [[Isosorbide dinitrate ]]
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| * [[Ivabradine ]]
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| * [[Legionella pneumonia ]]
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| * [[Levobetaxolol ]]
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| * [[Levobupivacaine ]]
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| * [[Lidocaine]]
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| * [[Lithium ]]
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| * [[Malnutrition]]
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| * [[Mammalian diving reflex ]]
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| * [[Medetomidine ]]
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| * [[Mefloquine]]
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| * [[Mepivacaine ]]
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| * [[Methacholine]]
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| * [[Methyldopa ]]
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| * [[Morphine ]]
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| * [[Moxonidine ]]
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| * [[Mycoplasma pneumonia ]]
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| * [[Nadolol]]
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| * [[Nalbuphine ]]
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| * [[Nalmefene]]
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| * [[Necrotizing enterocolitis ]]
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| * [[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
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| * [[Neurocardiogenic Syncope]]
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| * [[Neurogenic shock ]]
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| * [[Obstructive jaundice]]
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| * [[Oculocardiac reflex]]
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| * [[Opioid poisoning ]]
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| * [[Oxymorphone]]
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| * [[Phenobarbital ]]
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| * [[Phenylephrine]]
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| * [[Phenytoin ]]
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| * [[Pilocarpine ]]
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| * [[Pneumothorax ]]
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| * [[Propafenone ]]
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| * [[Propranolol ]]
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| * [[Pulseless ventricular tachycardia]]
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| * [[Quinidine ]]
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| * [[Radiocontrast toxicity]]
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| * [[Raised Intracranial pressure ]]
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| * [[Rapid sequence induction]]
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| * [[Reserpine ]]
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| * [[Right Bundle Branch Block ]]
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| * [[Ropivacaine ]]
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| * [[Second Degree AV Block ]]
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| * [[Sedatives ]]
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| * [[Septic shock]]
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| * [[Sick sinus syndrome ]]
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| * [[Sinoatrial Block ]]
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| * [[Skull fracture ]]
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| * [[Sleep]]
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| * [[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complications ]]
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| * [[Subarachanoid hemorrhage ]]
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| * [[Sulpiride ]]
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| * [[Suxamethonium chloride ]]
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| * [[Tacrine ]]
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| * [[Theobromine poisoning]]
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| * [[Timolol]]
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| * [[Trazodone ]]
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| * [[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
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| * [[Tularaemia ]]
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| * [[Typhoid fever ]]
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| * [[Uncaria tomentosa ]]
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| * [[Vagal episode ]]
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| * [[Vasa previa]]
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| * [[Vasovagal syncope]]
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| * [[Vertebral subluxation]]
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| * [[Xylazine]]
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| ==Epidemiology and Demographics== | | ==Epidemiology and Demographics== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]
Overview
Causes
Epidemiology and Demographics
Bradycardia is more common in older patients.
Diagnosis
Evaluation of bradycardia includes assessment of the heart rhythm, symptoms, medications, and associated medical conditions (reversible and irreversible). Symptomatic bradycardias are treated by removal of the underlying causes, medications (atropine) or insertion of a temporary or permanent pacemaker. The term relative bradycardia is used to explain a heart rate that, while not technically below 60 beats per minute, is considered too slow for the individual's current medical condition.
Symptoms
Resting EKG
The heart rate is < 60 beats per minute.
24 Hour Ambulatory Electrocardiogram Monitoring
The diagnosis is usually made with the help of a 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) or telemetry.
Treatment
Urgent Treatment
- Check drug list and remove drugs predisposing to bradycardia like beta blockers, calcium channel blocker, anti-arrhythmic drug.
- Drug treatment for bradycardia is typically not indicated for patients who are asymptomatic.
- In symptomatic patients, underlying electrolyte or acid-base disorders or hypoxia should be corrected first.
- IV atropine may provide temporary improvement in symptomatic patients, although its use should be balanced by an appreciation of the increase in myocardial oxygen demand this agent causes. Atropine 0.5-1 mg IV or ET q3-5min up to 3 mg total (0.04 mg/kg)
Indications For a Temporary Pacemaker
Advanced heart block such as complete heart block is an indication for a temporary pacemaker insertion.
Chronic Management
There are two main reasons for treating brandycardia:
- With bradycardia, the first is to address the associated symptoms, such as fatigue, limitations on how much an individual can physically exert, fainting (syncope), dizziness or lightheadedness, or other vague and non-specific symptoms.
- The other reason to treat bradycardia is if the person's ultimate outcome (prognosis) will be changed or impacted by the bradycardia.
Treatment in this vein depends on whether any symptoms are present, and what the underlying cause is.
Primary or idiopathic bradycardia is treated symptomatically if it is significant, and the underlying cause is treated if the bradycardia is secondary.
See also
References
de:Bradykardie
it:Bradicardia
nl:Bradycardie
nn:Bradykardi
sk:Bradykardia
sv:Bradykardi
Template:WikiDoc Sources
