Hypercalcemia differential diagnosis

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Hypercalcemia

(In alphabetical order)

• Abnormal parathyroid gland function
• Acromegaly
• Acute osteoporosis
• Acute renal failure
• Addison's disease
• Adrenal insufficiency
• After kidney transplant
• Aluminum intoxication
• Aspirin (in large amounts)
• Autonomous hyperparathyroidism (post long-term renal failure)
• Bartter's Syndrome
• Berylliosis
• Bone fracture
• Breast cancer
• Bronchial carcinoma
• Carcinoma
• Chronic renal failure
• Coccidioidomycosis
• Cushing's syndrome
• Dehydration
• Drugs
• Familial hypocalcuric hypercalcemia
• Familial isolated hyperparathyroidism (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM) 146200)
• Gitelman syndrome
• Granulomatous diseases with tuberculosis
• Hematologic malignancy (multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia)
• Hepatocellular carcinoma
• Histoplasmosis
• Hodgkin's Lymphoma
• Hyperparathyroidism (in the preceding oliguric-anuric phase)
• Hyperthyroidism
• Hypervitaminosis D (vitamin D intoxication)
• Idiopathic hypercalcemia (in infants)
• Immobilization
• Isolated or multinodal adenoma
• Kidney cancer
• Leprosy
• Leukemia
• Lithium
• Lymphoma
• Malignancy
• Medullary sponge kidney
• Milk-alkali syndrome
• Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
• Multiple myeloma
• Oral candidiasis
• Osteomalacia
• Ovarian cancer
• Paget's disease
• Paraplegia
• Parathyroid carcinoma (C75.0)
• Parathyroid hyperplasia
• Pheochromocytoma
• Plasma cell granuloma
• Polycythemia
• Primary hyperparathyroidism
• Primary Parathyroid hyperplasia
• Rebound hypercalcemia after rhabdomyolysis
• Renal failure
• Sarcoidosis
• Secretion of prostaglandins
• Severe secondary hyperparathyroidism
• Silicone-induced granuloma
• Sjogren's syndrome
• Solid tumor with humoral mediation of hypercalcemia (e.g. lung or kidney cancer, pheochromocytoma)
• Solid tumor with metastasis (e.g. breast cancer)
• Solitary parathyroid adenoma
• Thiazide diuretics
• Total parenteral nutrition
• Tuberculosis
• Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-producing tumor (VIPoma)
• Vitamin A intoxication
• Vitamin D intoxication
• Vitamin D metabolic disorders
• William's syndrome