Carcinoma of the penis risk factors: Difference between revisions

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This and other evidence suggests that childhood [[circumcision]] reduces the incidence of penile cancer.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11196386&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11144896&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7377156&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11405332&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10643514&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10699138&dopt=Abstract</ref> <ref>http://216.180.250.186/~circsec/library/kochen/index.html</ref><ref>http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/boczko/ Full text</ref>Studies have found that circumcision decreases the risk of HPV infection in males and thereby the risk of developing penile cancer.<ref>http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11948269</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15388997</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12238658</ref>  
This and other evidence suggests that childhood [[circumcision]] reduces the incidence of penile cancer.<ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11196386&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11144896&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7377156&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11405332&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10643514&dopt=Abstract</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10699138&dopt=Abstract</ref> <ref>http://216.180.250.186/~circsec/library/kochen/index.html</ref><ref>http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/boczko/ Full text</ref>Studies have found that circumcision decreases the risk of HPV infection in males and thereby the risk of developing penile cancer.<ref>http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11948269</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15388997</ref><ref>http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12238658</ref>  


But Wallerstein found that the risk of penile cancer in Finland, Norway, and Denmark (all noncircumcising countries) is about the same (1 in 100,000 per year) as in the US.  The [[American Medical Association]] and the [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]] say the use of infant circumcision in hope of preventing penile cancer in adulthood is not justified.[http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html][http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/print.htm] The [[American Cancer Society]] stated in 1998:
But Wallerstein found that the risk of penile cancer in Finland, Norway, and Denmark (all noncircumcising countries) is about the same (1 in 100,000 per year) as in the US.  The [[American Medical Association]] and the [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]] say the use of infant circumcision in hope of preventing penile cancer in adulthood is not justified.<ref>http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html</ref><ref>http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/print.htm</ref> The [[American Cancer Society]] stated in 1998:
: "... penile cancer risk is low in some uncircumcised populations, and circumcision is strongly associated with other socioethnic practices that are associated with lessened risk. The consensus among studies that have taken these other factors into account is that circumcision alone is not the major factor preventing cancer of the penis. It is important that the issue of circumcision not distract the public's attention from avoiding known penile cancer risk factors -- having unprotected sexual relations with multiple partners (increasing the likelihood of human papillomavirus infection) and cigarette smoking."[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=]
: "... penile cancer risk is low in some uncircumcised populations, and circumcision is strongly associated with other socioethnic practices that are associated with lessened risk. The consensus among studies that have taken these other factors into account is that circumcision alone is not the major factor preventing cancer of the penis. It is important that the issue of circumcision not distract the public's attention from avoiding known penile cancer risk factors -- having unprotected sexual relations with multiple partners (increasing the likelihood of human papillomavirus infection) and cigarette smoking."<ref>http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:30, 10 September 2012

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Editor(s)-in-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Phone:617-632-7753; Joel Gelman, M.D. [2], Director of the Center for Reconstructive Urology and Associate Clinical Professor in the Department of Urology at the University of California,Irvine

Overview

Risk factors

The American Cancer Society [1] the following as risk factors for penile cancer: human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, smoking, smegma, phimosis, treatment of psoriasis, age, and AIDS. The other etiologic factor most commonly associated with penile carcinoma is poor hygiene. There is some evidence that lichen sclerosus (also known as balanitis xerotica obliterans) may also be a risk factor.[2]

Risk

The lifetime risk of a man developing invasive penile cancer (IPC) in the United States is 1 in 600 if he is uncircumcised [3], and more than 3 times lower if he was circumcised neonatally.[4]<[5][6]

This and other evidence suggests that childhood circumcision reduces the incidence of penile cancer.[7][8][9][10][11][12] [13][14]Studies have found that circumcision decreases the risk of HPV infection in males and thereby the risk of developing penile cancer.[15][16][17]

But Wallerstein found that the risk of penile cancer in Finland, Norway, and Denmark (all noncircumcising countries) is about the same (1 in 100,000 per year) as in the US. The American Medical Association and the Royal Australasian College of Physicians say the use of infant circumcision in hope of preventing penile cancer in adulthood is not justified.[18][19] The American Cancer Society stated in 1998:

"... penile cancer risk is low in some uncircumcised populations, and circumcision is strongly associated with other socioethnic practices that are associated with lessened risk. The consensus among studies that have taken these other factors into account is that circumcision alone is not the major factor preventing cancer of the penis. It is important that the issue of circumcision not distract the public's attention from avoiding known penile cancer risk factors -- having unprotected sexual relations with multiple partners (increasing the likelihood of human papillomavirus infection) and cigarette smoking."[20]

References

  1. ↑ http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea= provides
  2. ↑ http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/eletters/321/7264/792#110919
  3. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7377156&dopt=Abstract
  4. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11144896&dopt=Abstract
  5. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8380060&dopt=Abstract
  6. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=8260177&dopt=Abstract
  7. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11196386&dopt=Abstract
  8. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11144896&dopt=Abstract
  9. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7377156&dopt=Abstract
  10. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=11405332&dopt=Abstract
  11. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10643514&dopt=Abstract
  12. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10699138&dopt=Abstract
  13. ↑ http://216.180.250.186/~circsec/library/kochen/index.html
  14. ↑ http://www.cirp.org/library/disease/cancer/boczko/ Full text
  15. ↑ http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&pmid=11948269
  16. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=15388997
  17. ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=12238658
  18. ↑ http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/category/13585.html
  19. ↑ http://www.racp.edu.au/hpu/paed/circumcision/print.htm
  20. ↑ http://www.cancer.org/docroot/CRI/content/CRI_2_4_2X_What_are_the_risk_factors_for_penile_cancer_35.asp?sitearea=


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