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| Hypercalciuria refers to elevated [[calcium]] in the urine. Chronic hypercalciuria may lead to impairment | | Hypercalciuria refers to elevated [[calcium]] in the urine. Chronic hypercalciuria may lead to impairment |
| of renal function, [[nephrocalcinosis]], and [[renal insufficiency]]. | | of renal function, [[nephrocalcinosis]], and [[renal insufficiency]]. |
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| ==Causes==
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| ===Common Causes===
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| * [[Primary Hyperparathyroidism]]
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| * [[Renal tubular acidosis]]
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| * Immobility
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| * Excess [[Vitamin-D]] intake
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| * Excess dietary [[Calcium]]
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| * [[Cushing's disease]]
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| * [[Osteoporosis]]
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| * [[Loop diuretics]]
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| * [[Sarcoidosis]]
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| * [[Rickets]]
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| ===Causes by Organ System===
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| {|height:100px" border="1"
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
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| |style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Dermatologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Drug Side Effect'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Vitamin D]], [[Lithium]], [[Calcitriol]] toxicity, [[Ethinyl estradiol]] and [[drospirnone]], [[Furosemide]], [[Glucocorticoids]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Endocrine'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cushing syndrome]], [[Primary hyperparathyroidism]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]], [[Primary hyperparathyroidism|Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism]], [[Parathyroid carcinoma]], [[Pituitary tumour (growth hormone secreting)]], [[Primary parathyroid hyperplasia]], [[Solitary parathyroid adenoma]], [[Acromegaly]], [[Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism]], [[Congenital hypothyroidism]], [[Osteoporosis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Environmental'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dehydration]], [[Immobility]], [[Zero gravity]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Gastroenterologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Wilson disease]], [[Ulcerative colitis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Genetic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[hypoparathyroidism|Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism]], [[chondrodysplasia|Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Jansen type]], [[Hypophosphatasia]], [[hyperparathyroidism|Neonatal severe primary hyperparathyroidism]], [[Wilson disease]], [[X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1]], [[Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia]], Autosomal recessive Familial [[hypomagnesemia]] with [[Hypercalciuria]] and [[nephrocalcinosis]], [[Congenital hypothyroidism]], [[Dent disease]], [[Lowe's syndrome]], [[Osteogenesis Imperfecta]], [[Williams syndrome]], [[Bartter syndrome]], [[Hereditary hypophosatemic rickets]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Hematologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple myeloma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Iatrogenic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Infectious Disease'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Tuberculous granulomas]], [[Acute pyelonephritis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[chondrodysplasia|Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia, Jansen type]], [[Fractures]], [[McCune-Albright syndrome]], [[Osteoporosis]], [[Paget disease of bone]], [[Osteogenesis Imperfecta]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Neurologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acromegaly]], [[Wilson disease]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Oncologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Bone metastases]], [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]], [[Multiple myeloma]], [[Reticulum cell sarcoma]], [[Parathyroid carcinoma]], [[Pituitary tumour (growth hormone secreting)]], [[Solitary parathyroid adenoma]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Opthalmologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Wilson disease]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Psychiatric'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Pulmonary'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Dent disease]], [[X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1]], [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]], [[Proximal renal tubular acidosis]], [[Acute pyelonephritis]], [[Aminoaciduria]], [[Bartter syndrome]], [[Chronic hypokalemia]], [[Cystinosis]], [[Fanconi syndrome]], [[Glycogen storage disease type 1a]], [[Hartnup disease]], [[Hereditary hypophosatemic rickets]], [[Hyperchloremic acidosis]], [[Hypocitraturia]], [[Hypophosphatasia]], [[Medullary cystic kidney disease]], [[Medullary sponge kidney]], [[Nephrocalcinosis]], [[Autosomal dominant hypocalcemia]], [[Autosomal recessive Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC)]], [[Dent disease]], [[X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sarcoidosis]]
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Sexual'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Trauma'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Urologic'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
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| |-
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| |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
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| | '''Miscellaneous'''
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| |bgcolor="Beige"| Excess [[Calcium]] intake, [[Idiopathic hypercalciuria]], [[Milk-alkali syndrome]], [[Recumbency]]
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| |-
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| |}
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| ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
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| * [[Acromegaly]]
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| * [[Acute pyelonephritis]]
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| * [[Aminoaciduria]]
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| * Autosomal dominant [[hypocalcemia]]
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| * [[Autosomal dominant hypoparathyroidism]]
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| * Autosomal recessive Familial [[hypomagnesemia]] with [[Hypercalciuria]] and [[nephrocalcinosis]] <ref>{{cite journal |author=Ekinci Z, Karabaş L, Konrad M |title=Hypomagnesemia-hypercalciuria-nephrocalcinosis and ocular findings: a new claudin-19 mutation |journal=Turk. J. Pediatr. |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=168–70 |year=2012 |pmid=22734304 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
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| * [[Bartter syndrome]]
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| * Bone [[metastases]]
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| * [[Calcitriol]] toxicity
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| * Chronic [[hypokalemia]]
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| * [[Congenital hypothyroidism]]
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| * [[Cushing syndrome]]
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| * [[Cystinosis]]
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| * [[Dehydration]]
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| * [[Dent disease]]
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| * [[Ethinyl estradiol]] and [[drospirnone]]
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| * Excess [[Calcium]] intake
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| * [[Fanconi syndrome]]
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| * [[Fractures]]
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| * [[Furosemide]]
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| * [[Glucocorticoids]]
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| * [[Glycogen storage disease type 1a]]
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| * [[Hartnup disease]]
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| * [[Hereditary hypophosatemic rickets]] <ref>{{cite journal |author=Hasani Ranjbar S, Amoli MM, Ebrahim Habibi A, ''et al.'' |title=SLC34A3 Intronic Deletion in a New Kindred with Hereditary Hypophosphatemic Rickets with Hypercalciuria |journal=J Clin Res Pediatr Endocrinol |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=87–91 |year=2012 |month=June |pmid=22672866 |doi=10.4274/jcrpe.601 |url=}}</ref>
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| * [[Histoplasmosis]]
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| * [[Hyperchloremic acidosis]]
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| * [[Hyperthyroidism]]
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| * [[Hypocitraturia]]
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| * [[Hypokalaemic distal renal tubular acidosis]]
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| * [[Hypophosphatasia]]
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| * [[Idiopathic hypercalciuria]]
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| * [[Immobility]]
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| * [[Leukemia]]
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| * [[Lowe's syndrome]]
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| * [[Lymphoma]]
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| * [[McCune-Albright syndrome]]
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| * [[Medullary cystic kidney disease]]
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| * [[Medullary sponge kidney]]
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| * [[Metaphyseal chondrodysplasia Jansen type]]
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| * [[Milk-alkali syndrome]]
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| * [[Multiple endocrine neoplasia]]
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| * [[Multiple myeloma]]
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| * Neonatal severe primary [[hyperparathyroidism]]
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| * [[Nephrocalcinosis]]
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| * [[Osteogenesis Imperfecta]]
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| * [[Osteoporosis]]
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| * [[Parathyroid carcinoma]]
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| * [[Paget disease of bone]]
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| * [[Pituitary tumour (growth hormone secreting)]]
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| * [[Primary Hyperparathyroidism]]
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| * [[Primary parathyroid hyperplasia]]
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| * [[Proximal renal tubular acidosis]]
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| * [[Recumbency]]
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| * [[Reticulum cell sarcoma]]
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| * [[Sarcoidosis]]
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| * [[Solitary parathyroid adenoma]]
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| * [[Tuberculous granulomas]]
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| * [[Ulcerative colitis]]
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| * [[Vitamin D]]
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| * [[Williams syndrome]]
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| * [[Wilson disease]]
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| * [[X-linked recessive nephrolithiasis type 1]]
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| * [[Zero gravity]]
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| ==Related Chapters== | | ==Related Chapters== |