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__NOTOC__
{{Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction}}
{{Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction}}
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.


{{CMG}}
==Overview==


'''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' [[Varun Kumar]], M.B.B.S.
==Epidemiology and Demographics==
==Epidemiology and demographics==
Among cardiac malformations, valvular defects accoun for 25% of all malformations involving the myocardium <ref name="pmid15345668">{{cite journal| author=Armstrong EJ, Bischoff J| title=Heart valve development: endothelial cell signaling and differentiation. | journal=Circ Res | year= 2004 | volume= 95 | issue= 5 | pages= 459-70 | pmid=15345668 | doi=10.1161/01.RES.0000141146.95728.da | pmc=PMC2810618 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15345668  }} </ref>.
Among cardiac malformations, valvular defects accoun for 25% of all malformations involving the myocardium <ref name="pmid15345668">{{cite journal| author=Armstrong EJ, Bischoff J| title=Heart valve development: endothelial cell signaling and differentiation. | journal=Circ Res | year= 2004 | volume= 95 | issue= 5 | pages= 459-70 | pmid=15345668 | doi=10.1161/01.RES.0000141146.95728.da | pmc=PMC2810618 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=15345668  }} </ref>.
[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]] represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children<ref>Keith JD, Rowe RD, Vlad P. Heart Disease in Infancy and Childhood. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Macmillan Co; 1978:4-6, 761-88</ref><ref>Nadas A. Pulmonary stenosis. In: Fyler DC, ed. Nadas' Pediatric Cardiology. Hanley & Belfus;1992:459-470.</ref> and 15% of all congenital heart defects in adults<ref name="pmid5082217">{{cite journal| author=Johnson LW, Grossman W, Dalen JE, Dexter L| title=Pulmonic stenosis in the adult. Long-term follow-up results. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1972 | volume= 287 | issue= 23 | pages= 1159-63 | pmid=5082217 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197212072872301 | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid13182146">{{cite journal| author=CAMPBELL M| title=Simple pulmonary stenosis; pulmonary valvular stenosis with a closed ventricular septum. | journal=Br Heart J | year= 1954 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 273-300 | pmid=13182146 | doi= | pmc=PMC479528 | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid14886471">{{cite journal| author=ABRAHAMS DG, WOOD P| title=Pulmonary stenosis with normal aortic root. | journal=Br Heart J | year= 1951 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 519-48 | pmid=14886471 | doi= | pmc=PMC503699 | url= }} </ref>. Isolated pulmonic valvular stenosis with intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect.
[[Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction]] represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children<ref>Keith JD, Rowe RD, Vlad P. Heart Disease in Infancy and Childhood. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Macmillan Co; 1978:4-6, 761-88</ref><ref>Nadas A. Pulmonary stenosis. In: Fyler DC, ed. Nadas' Pediatric Cardiology. Hanley & Belfus;1992:459-470.</ref> and 15% of all congenital heart defects in adults<ref name="pmid5082217">{{cite journal| author=Johnson LW, Grossman W, Dalen JE, Dexter L| title=Pulmonic stenosis in the adult. Long-term follow-up results. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1972 | volume= 287 | issue= 23 | pages= 1159-63 | pmid=5082217 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197212072872301 | pmc= | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid13182146">{{cite journal| author=CAMPBELL M| title=Simple pulmonary stenosis; pulmonary valvular stenosis with a closed ventricular septum. | journal=Br Heart J | year= 1954 | volume= 16 | issue= 3 | pages= 273-300 | pmid=13182146 | doi= | pmc=PMC479528 | url= }} </ref><ref name="pmid14886471">{{cite journal| author=ABRAHAMS DG, WOOD P| title=Pulmonary stenosis with normal aortic root. | journal=Br Heart J | year= 1951 | volume= 13 | issue= 4 | pages= 519-48 | pmid=14886471 | doi= | pmc=PMC503699 | url= }} </ref>. Isolated pulmonic valvular stenosis with intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect.


Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction secondary to [[rheumatic fever]] is rare and it seldom causes serious pulmonic valvular deformity. It usually may occur in association with the [[pulmonary hypertension]] that occurs at high altitudes. The prevalence of rheumatic disease in developed nations is steadily declining. While developing countries have higher rates of rheumatic fever and subsequently mitral stenosis with prevalence of more than 10 cases per 1,000 in India and 4-10 cases per 1,000 in China, Russia, Africa and Australia<ref name="pmid21386976">{{cite journal| author=Seckeler MD, Hoke TR| title=The worldwide epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. | journal=Clin Epidemiol | year= 2011 | volume= 3 | issue=  | pages= 67-84 | pmid=21386976 | doi=10.2147/CLEP.S12977 | pmc=PMC3046187 | url= }} </ref>
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction secondary to [[rheumatic fever]] is rare and it seldom causes serious pulmonic valvular deformity. It usually may occur in association with the [[pulmonary hypertension]] that occurs at high altitudes. The prevalence of rheumatic disease in developed nations is steadily declining. While developing countries have higher rates of rheumatic fever and subsequently mitral stenosis with prevalence of more than 10 cases per 1,000 in India and 4-10 cases per 1,000 in China, Russia, Africa and Australia<ref name="pmid21386976">{{cite journal| author=Seckeler MD, Hoke TR| title=The worldwide epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. | journal=Clin Epidemiol | year= 2011 | volume= 3 | issue=  | pages= 67-84 | pmid=21386976 | doi=10.2147/CLEP.S12977 | pmc=PMC3046187 | url= }} </ref>
===Age===
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction usually occurs in newborn. However, the age at presentation depends on the severity of the obstruction with many patients with mild obstruction presenting at adolescence or adulthood.


===Race===
===Race===
Prevalence of pulmonary stenosis does not differ significantly with race.<ref>Rao PS. Demographic features of tricuspid atresia. In: Rao PS, ed. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco, NY: Futura; 1992:23-37.</ref>
Prevalence of pulmonary stenosis does not differ significantly with race.<ref>Rao PS. Demographic features of tricuspid atresia. In: Rao PS, ed. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco, NY: Futura; 1992:23-37.</ref>


===Sex===
===Gender===
Prevalence of right ventricular outflow tract is equal among males and females.<ref name="pmid5082217">{{cite journal| author=Johnson LW, Grossman W, Dalen JE, Dexter L| title=Pulmonic stenosis in the adult. Long-term follow-up results. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1972 | volume= 287 | issue= 23 | pages= 1159-63 | pmid=5082217 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197212072872301 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
Prevalence of right ventricular outflow tract is equal among males and females.<ref name="pmid5082217">{{cite journal| author=Johnson LW, Grossman W, Dalen JE, Dexter L| title=Pulmonic stenosis in the adult. Long-term follow-up results. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1972 | volume= 287 | issue= 23 | pages= 1159-63 | pmid=5082217 | doi=10.1056/NEJM197212072872301 | pmc= | url= }} </ref>
===Age===
Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction usually occurs in newborn. However, the age at presentation depends on the severity of the obstruction with many patients with mild obstruction presenting at adolescence or adulthood.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}


[[Category: Cardiology]]
[[Category:Disease]]
[[Category:Cardiology]]
[[Category:Congenital heart disease]]
[[Category:Pediatrics]]


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Revision as of 16:12, 5 October 2012

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.

Overview

Epidemiology and Demographics

Among cardiac malformations, valvular defects accoun for 25% of all malformations involving the myocardium [1]. Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction represents 8-12% of all congenital heart defects in children[2][3] and 15% of all congenital heart defects in adults[4][5][6]. Isolated pulmonic valvular stenosis with intact ventricular septum is the second most common congenital cardiac defect.

Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction secondary to rheumatic fever is rare and it seldom causes serious pulmonic valvular deformity. It usually may occur in association with the pulmonary hypertension that occurs at high altitudes. The prevalence of rheumatic disease in developed nations is steadily declining. While developing countries have higher rates of rheumatic fever and subsequently mitral stenosis with prevalence of more than 10 cases per 1,000 in India and 4-10 cases per 1,000 in China, Russia, Africa and Australia[7]

Age

Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction usually occurs in newborn. However, the age at presentation depends on the severity of the obstruction with many patients with mild obstruction presenting at adolescence or adulthood.

Race

Prevalence of pulmonary stenosis does not differ significantly with race.[8]

Gender

Prevalence of right ventricular outflow tract is equal among males and females.[4]

References

  1. ↑ Armstrong EJ, Bischoff J (2004). "Heart valve development: endothelial cell signaling and differentiation". Circ Res. 95 (5): 459–70. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000141146.95728.da. PMC 2810618. PMID 15345668.
  2. ↑ Keith JD, Rowe RD, Vlad P. Heart Disease in Infancy and Childhood. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Macmillan Co; 1978:4-6, 761-88
  3. ↑ Nadas A. Pulmonary stenosis. In: Fyler DC, ed. Nadas' Pediatric Cardiology. Hanley & Belfus;1992:459-470.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Johnson LW, Grossman W, Dalen JE, Dexter L (1972). "Pulmonic stenosis in the adult. Long-term follow-up results". N Engl J Med. 287 (23): 1159–63. doi:10.1056/NEJM197212072872301. PMID 5082217.
  5. ↑ CAMPBELL M (1954). "Simple pulmonary stenosis; pulmonary valvular stenosis with a closed ventricular septum". Br Heart J. 16 (3): 273–300. PMC 479528. PMID 13182146.
  6. ↑ ABRAHAMS DG, WOOD P (1951). "Pulmonary stenosis with normal aortic root". Br Heart J. 13 (4): 519–48. PMC 503699. PMID 14886471.
  7. ↑ Seckeler MD, Hoke TR (2011). "The worldwide epidemiology of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease". Clin Epidemiol. 3: 67–84. doi:10.2147/CLEP.S12977. PMC 3046187. PMID 21386976.
  8. ↑ Rao PS. Demographic features of tricuspid atresia. In: Rao PS, ed. Tricuspid Atresia. 2nd ed. Mt. Kisco, NY: Futura; 1992:23-37.

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