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| ==Treatment and services==
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| {{main|Treatment of schizophrenia}}
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| [[Image:Chlorpromazine-3D-vdW.png|thumb|Molecule of [[chlorpromazine]], which revolutionized treatment of schizophrenia in the 1950s.]]
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| The concept of a cure as such remains controversial, as there is no consensus on the definition, although some criteria for the remission of symptoms have recently been suggested.<ref name="fn_63">van Os J, Burns T, Cavallaro R, ''et al'' (2006). Standardized remission criteria in schizophrenia. ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica'', 113(2), 91–5. PMID 16423159</ref> <!-- and they are...?--> The effectiveness of schizophrenia treatment is often assessed using standardized methods, one of the most common being the [[PANSS|positive and negative syndrome scale]] (PANSS).<ref name="fn_68">Kay SR, Fiszbein A, Opler LA (1987). The positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. ''Schizophrenia Bulletin'', 13(2), 261–76. PMID 3616518</ref>
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| Management of symptoms and improving function is thought to be more achievable than a cure. Treatment was revolutionized in the mid 1950s with the development and introduction of [[chlorpromazine]].<ref name="Turner2007">{{cite journal | author=Turner T. | title=Unlocking psychosis | journal=Brit J Med | year=2007 | volume=334 | issue=suppl | pages=s7 }}</ref> A [[recovery model]] is increasingly adopted, emphasizing hope, empowerment and social inclusion.<ref name="Bellack06">Bellack AS. (2006) Scientific and consumer models of recovery in schizophrenia: concordance, contrasts, and implications. ''Schizophr Bull.'' Jul;32(3):432-42. PMID 16461575</ref>
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| Hospitalization may occur with severe episodes of schizophrenia. This can be voluntary or (if mental health legislation allows it) involuntary (called civil or [[involuntary commitment]]). Long-term inpatient stays are now less common due to [[deinstitutionalization]], although can still occur.<ref name="BeckerKilian2006">Becker T, Kilian R. (2006) Psychiatric services for people with severe mental illness across western Europe: what can be generalized from current knowledge about differences in provision, costs and outcomes of mental health care? ''Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica Supplement'', 429, 9–16. PMID 16445476</ref> Following (or in lieu of) a hospital admission, support services available can include drop-in centers, visits from members of a community mental health team or Assertive Community Treatment team, supported employment<ref>McGurk, SR, Mueser KT, Feldman K, Wolfe R, Pascaris A (2007). Cognitive training for supported employment: 2–3 year outcomes of a randomized controlled trial. ''Am J Psychiatry.'' Mar;164(3):437–41. PMID 17329468</ref> and patient-led support groups.
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| In many non-Western societies, schizophrenia may only be treated with more informal, community-led methods. The outcome for people diagnosed with schizophrenia in non-Western countries may actually be better than for people in the West.<ref name="fn_41">Kulhara P (1994). Outcome of schizophrenia: some transcultural observations with particular reference to developing countries. ''European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience'', 244(5), 227–35. PMID 7893767</ref> The reasons for this effect are not clear, although cross-cultural studies are being conducted.
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| ==Further reading==
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| <!-- Please only include material which addresses schizophrenia in general, rather than specific aspects, or related topics -->
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| <div class="references-small">
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| * [[Richard Bentall|Bentall, R.]] (2003) ''Madness explained: Psychosis and Human Nature''. London: Penguin Books Ltd. ISBN 0-7139-9249-2
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| * [[James Fallon|Fallon, James H.]] et al. (2003) The Neuroanatomy of Schizophrenia: Circuitry and Neurotransmitter Systems. ''Clinical Neuroscience Research'' 3:77–107. Available at [http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1566-2772(03)00022-7 Elsevier article locater.]
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| * Green, M.F. (2001) ''Schizophrenia Revealed: From Neurons to Social Interactions''. New York: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0-393-70334-7
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| * Keen, T. M. (1999) Schizophrenia: orthodoxy and heresies. A review of alternative possibilities. ''Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing'', 1999, 6, 415–424. PMID 10818864
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| *[[Theodore Lidz|Lidz, Theodore]], [[Stephen Fleck]] & Alice Cornelison, ''Schizophrenia and the Family''. International Universities Press, 1965. ISBN 978-0823660018
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| * Noll, Richard (2007) ''The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders, Third Edition'' ISBN 0-8160-6405-9
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| * [http://www.openthedoors.com/english/index.html Open The Doors - information on global programme to fight stigma and discrimination because of Schizophrenia. The World Psychiatric Association (WPA)]
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| * Read, J., Mosher, L.R., Bentall, R. (2004) ''Models of Madness: Psychological, Social and Biological Approaches to Schizophrenia''. ISBN 1-58391-906-6. A critical approach to biological and genetic theories, and a review of social influences on schizophrenia.
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| * [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa006&articleID=000EE239-6805-1FD5-A23683414B7F0000 Scientific American Magazine (January 2004 Issue) Decoding Schizophrenia]
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| * Shaner, A., Miller, G. F., & Mintz, J. (2004). Schizophrenia as one extreme of a sexually selected fitness indicator. ''Schizophrenia Research'', 70(1), 101–109. PMID 15246469[http://www.unm.edu/~gfmiller/new_papers/shaner%20miller%202004%20schizo.pdf Full text (PDF),] Retrieved on [[2007-05-17]].
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| * [[Thomas Szasz|Szasz, T.]] (1976) ''Schizophrenia: The Sacred Symbol of Psychiatry''. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07222-4
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| * [[Viktor Tausk|Tausk, V.]] : "Sexuality, War, and Schizophrenia: Collected [[Psychoanalytic]] Papers", Publisher: Transaction Publishers 1991, ISBN 0-88738-365-3 (On the Origin of the 'Influencing Machine' in Schizophrenia.)
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| * Wiencke, Markus (2006) ''Schizophrenie als Ergebnis von Wechselwirkungen: Georg Simmels Individualitätskonzept in der Klinischen Psychologie''. In David Kim (ed.), ''Georg Simmel in Translation: Interdisciplinary Border-Crossings in Culture and Modernity'' (pp. 123–155). Cambridge Scholars Press, Cambridge, ISBN 1-84718-060-5
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| </div>
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