Bifascicular block: Difference between revisions

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(/* Permanent Pacing in Chronic Bifascicular Block Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, S...)
(/* Permanent Pacing in Chronic Bifascicular Block (DO NOT EDIT) Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, S...)
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| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
| colspan="1" style="text-align:center; background:LemonChiffon"| [[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Classification of Recommendations|Class IIa]]
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|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Permanent [[pacemaker]] implantation is reasonable for [[syncope]] not demonstrated to be due to [[AV block]] when other likely causes have been excluded, specifically [[ventricular tachycardia]] ([[VT]]). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''1.''' Permanent [[pacemaker]] implantation is reasonable for [[syncope]] not demonstrated to be due to [[AV block]] when other likely causes have been excluded, specifically [[ventricular tachycardia]] ([[VT]]). ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<ref name="pmid4854561">{{cite journal| author=Dhingra RC, Denes P, Wu D, Chuquimia R, Amat-y-Leon F, Wyndham C et al.| title=Syncope in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Significance, causative mechanisms, and clinical implications. | journal=Ann Intern Med | year= 1974 | volume= 81 | issue= 3 | pages= 302-6 | pmid=4854561 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4854561  }} </ref><ref name="pmid5791121">{{cite journal| author=Kulbertus H, Collignon P| title=Association of right bundle-branch block with left superior or inferior intraventricular block. Its relation to complete heart block and Adams-Stokes syndrome. | journal=Br Heart J | year= 1969 | volume= 31 | issue= 4 | pages= 435-40 | pmid=5791121 | doi= | pmc=PMC487515 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=5791121  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4689232">{{cite journal| author=DePasquale NP, Bruno MS| title=Natural history of combined right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock (bilateral bundle branch block). | journal=Am J Med | year= 1973 | volume= 54 | issue= 3 | pages= 297-303 | pmid=4689232 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4689232  }} </ref><ref name="pmid872316">{{cite journal| author=Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Modin G, Brennan M, Mies C, O'Young J| title=Prognostic value of infranodal conduction time in patients with chronic bundle branch block. | journal=Circulation | year= 1977 | volume= 56 | issue= 2 | pages= 240-4 | pmid=872316 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=872316  }} </ref><ref name="pmid879938">{{cite journal| author=Denes P, Dhingra RC, Wu D, Wyndham CR, Amat-y-Leon F, Rosen KM| title=Sudden death in patients with chronic bifascicular block. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1977 | volume= 137 | issue= 8 | pages= 1005-10 | pmid=879938 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=879938  }} </ref><ref name="pmid619828">{{cite journal| author=McAnulty JH, Kauffman S, Murphy E, Kassebaum DG, Rahimtoola SH| title=Survival in patients with intraventricular conduction defects. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 1978 | volume= 138 | issue= 1 | pages= 30-5 | pmid=619828 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=619828  }} </ref><ref name="pmid453228">{{cite journal| author=Peters RW, Scheinman MM, Modin C, O'Young J, Somelofski CA, Mies C| title=Prophylactic permanent pacemakers for patients with chronic bundle branch block. | journal=Am J Med | year= 1979 | volume= 66 | issue= 6 | pages= 978-85 | pmid=453228 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=453228  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7001541">{{cite journal| author=Fisch GR, Zipes DP, Fisch C| title=Bundle branch block and sudden death. | journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis | year= 1980 | volume= 23 | issue= 3 | pages= 187-224 | pmid=7001541 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7001541  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7088050">{{cite journal| author=McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH, Murphy E, DeMots H, Ritzmann L, Kanarek PE et al.| title=Natural history of "high-risk" bundle-branch block: final report of a prospective study. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 1982 | volume= 307 | issue= 3 | pages= 137-43 | pmid=7088050 | doi=10.1056/NEJM198207153070301 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7088050  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7148708">{{cite journal| author=Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Suavé MJ, Desai J, Abbott JA, Cogan J et al.| title=Value of the H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1982 | volume= 50 | issue= 6 | pages= 1316-22 | pmid=7148708 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7148708  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6475778">{{cite journal| author=Morady F, Higgins J, Peters RW, Schwartz AB, Shen EN, Bhandari A et al.| title=Electrophysiologic testing in bundle branch block and unexplained syncope. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1984 | volume= 54 | issue= 6 | pages= 587-91 | pmid=6475778 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6475778  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3825942">{{cite journal| author=Click RL, Gersh BJ, Sugrue DD, Holmes DR, Wood DL, Osborn MJ et al.| title=Role of invasive electrophysiologic testing in patients with symptomatic bundle branch block. | journal=Am J Cardiol | year= 1987 | volume= 59 | issue= 8 | pages= 817-23 | pmid=3825942 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3825942  }} </ref><ref name="pmid6613815">{{cite journal| author=Ezri M, Lerman BB, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE, Josephson ME| title=Electrophysiologic evaluation of syncope in patients with bifascicular block. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1983 | volume= 106 | issue= 4 Pt 1 | pages= 693-7 | pmid=6613815 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=6613815  }} </ref><ref name="pmid3250407">{{cite journal| author=Twidale N, Heddle WF, Ayres BF, Tonkin AM| title=Clinical implications of electrophysiology study findings in patients with chronic bifascicular block and syncope. | journal=Aust N Z J Med | year= 1988 | volume= 18 | issue= 7 | pages= 841-7 | pmid=3250407 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=3250407  }} </ref><ref name="pmid7594078">{{cite journal| author=Englund A, Bergfeldt L, Rehnqvist N, Aström H, Rosenqvist M| title=Diagnostic value of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with bifascicular block: a prospective study of patients with and without syncope. | journal=J Am Coll Cardiol | year= 1995 | volume= 26 | issue= 6 | pages= 1508-15 | pmid=7594078 | doi=10.1016/0735-1097(95)00354-1 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7594078  }} </ref><ref name="pmid425877">{{cite journal| author=Probst P, Pachinger O, Akbar Murad A, Leisch F, Kaindl F| title=The HQ time in congestive cardiomyopathies. | journal=Am Heart J | year= 1979 | volume= 97 | issue= 4 | pages= 436-41 | pmid=425877 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=425877  }} </ref><ref name="pmid498473">{{cite journal| author=Dhingra RC, Wyndham C, Bauernfeind R, Swiryn S, Deedwania PC, Smith T et al.| title=Significance of block distal to the His bundle induced by atrial pacing in patients with chronic bifascicular block. | journal=Circulation | year= 1979 | volume= 60 | issue= 7 | pages= 1455-64 | pmid=498473 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=498473  }} </ref><ref name="pmid4937704">{{cite journal| author=Cheng TO| title=Atrial pacing: its diagnostic and therapeutic applications. | journal=Prog Cardiovasc Dis | year= 1971 | volume= 14 | issue= 2 | pages= 230-47 | pmid=4937704 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4937704  }} </ref><ref name="pmid11673344">{{cite journal| author=Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, Garcia-Civera R, Mont L, Alvarez M et al.| title=Mechanism of syncope in patients with bundle branch block and negative electrophysiological test. | journal=Circulation | year= 2001 | volume= 104 | issue= 17 | pages= 2045-50 | pmid=11673344 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11673344  }} </ref><nowiki>"</nowiki>
|-
|-
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Permanent [[pacemaker]] implantation is reasonable for an incidental finding at electrophysiological study of a markedly prolonged HV interval (greater than or equal to 100 milliseconds) in asymptomatic patients. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>
|bgcolor="LemonChiffon"|<nowiki>"</nowiki>'''2.''' Permanent [[pacemaker]] implantation is reasonable for an incidental finding at electrophysiological study of a markedly prolonged HV interval (greater than or equal to 100 milliseconds) in asymptomatic patients. ''([[ACC AHA guidelines classification scheme#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''<nowiki>"</nowiki>

Revision as of 19:40, 5 November 2012

Bifascicular block
ICD-10 I45.2
ICD-9 426.53

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List of terms related to Bifascicular block

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]

Overview

Bifascicular block is a conduction abnormality in the heart where two of the three main fascicles of the His/Purkinje system are blocked.

Most commonly, it refers to a combination of right bundle branch block (RBBB) and either left anterior fascicular block (LAFB) or left posterior fascicular block (LPFB).

Some authors consider left bundle branch block (LBBB) to be a technical bifascicular block, since the block occurs above the bifurcation of the left anterior and left posterior fascicles of the left bundle branch.

Electrocardiogram

2008 ACC/AHA/HRS Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Permanent Pacing in Chronic Bifascicular Block (DO NOT EDIT)[1]

Class I
"1. Permanent pacemaker implantation is indicated for advanced second-degree AV block or intermittent third-degree AV block. (Level of Evidence: B)[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]"
"2. Permanent pacemaker implantation is indicated for type II second-degree AV block. (Level of Evidence: B)[9][10][11][12]"
"3. Permanent pacemaker implantation is indicated for alternating bundle-branch block. (Level of Evidence: C)"
Class III (No Benefit)
"1. Permanent pacemaker implantation is not indicated for fascicular block without AV block or symptoms. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"2. Permanent pacemaker implantation is not indicated for fascicular block with first-degree AV block without symptoms. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIa
"1. Permanent pacemaker implantation is reasonable for syncope not demonstrated to be due to AV block when other likely causes have been excluded, specifically ventricular tachycardia (VT). (Level of Evidence: B)[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]"
"2. Permanent pacemaker implantation is reasonable for an incidental finding at electrophysiological study of a markedly prolonged HV interval (greater than or equal to 100 milliseconds) in asymptomatic patients. (Level of Evidence: B)"
"3. Permanent pacemaker implantation is reasonable for an incidental finding at electrophysiological study of pacing-induced infra-His block that is not physiological. (Level of Evidence: B)"
Class IIb
"1. Permanent pacemaker implantation may be considered in the setting of neuromuscular diseases such as myotonic muscular dystrophy, Erb dystrophy (limb-girdle muscular dystrophy), and peroneal muscular atrophy with bifascicular block or any fascicular block, with or without symptoms. (Level of Evidence: C)"

External Links

Additional Reading

  • Moss and Adams' Heart Disease in Infants, Children, and Adolescents Hugh D. Allen, Arthur J. Moss, David J. Driscoll, Forrest H. Adams, Timothy F. Feltes, Robert E. Shaddy, 2007 ISBN 0781786843
  • Braunwald's Heart Disease, Libby P, 8th ed., 2007, ISBN 978-1-41-604105-4
  • Hurst's the Heart, Fuster V, 12th ed. 2008, ISBN 978-0-07-149928-6
  • Willerson JT, Cardiovascular Medicine, 3rd ed., 2007, ISBN 978-1-84628-188-4

Sources

  • The ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 Guidelines for Device-Based Therapy of Cardiac Rhythm Abnormalities [1]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Epstein AE, DiMarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, Estes NAM III, Freedman RA, Gettes LS, Gillinov AM, Gregoratos G, Hammill SC, Hayes DL, Hlatky MA, Newby LK, Page RL, Schoenfeld MH, Silka MJ, Stevenson LW, Sweeney MO. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the ACC/AHA/NASPE 2002 Guideline Update for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices). Circulation. 2008; 117: 2820–2840. PMID 18483207
  2. ↑ FRIEDBERG CK, DONOSO E, STEIN WG (1964). "NONSURGICAL ACQUIRED HEART BLOCK". Ann N Y Acad Sci. 111: 835–47. PMID 14206803.
  3. ↑ "Recommendations for pacemaker prescription for symptomatic bradycardia. Report of a working party of the British Pacing and Electrophysiology Group". Br Heart J. 66 (2): 185–91. 1991. PMC 1024617. PMID 1883673.
  4. ↑ GADBOYS HL, WISOFF G, LITWAK RS (1964). "SURGICAL TREATMENT OF COMPLETE HEART BLOCK. AN ANALYSIS OF 36 CASES". JAMA. 189: 97–102. PMID 14149997.
  5. ↑ Johansson BW (1966). "Complete heart block. A clinical, hemodynamic and pharmacological study in patients with and without an artificial pacemaker". Acta Med Scand Suppl. 451: 1–127. PMID 5223645.
  6. ↑ Hindman MC, Wagner GS, JaRo M, Atkins JM, Scheinman MM, DeSanctis RW; et al. (1978). "The clinical significance of bundle branch block complicating acute myocardial infarction. 2. Indications for temporary and permanent pacemaker insertion". Circulation. 58 (4): 689–99. PMID 688580.
  7. ↑ Donmoyer TL, DeSanctis RW, Austen WG (1967). "Experience with implantable pacemakers using myocardial electrodes in the management of heart block". Ann Thorac Surg. 3 (3): 218–27. PMID 4951735.
  8. ↑ LEVINE SA, MILLER H, PENTON GB (1956). "Some clinical features of complete heart block". Circulation. 13 (6): 801–24. PMID 13356435.
  9. ↑ Dhingra RC, Denes P, Wu D, Chuquimia R, Rosen KM (1974). "The significance of second degree atrioventricular block and bundle branch block. Observations regarding site and type of block". Circulation. 49 (4): 638–46. PMID 4817704.
  10. ↑ DONOSO E, ADLER LN, FRIEDBERG CK (1964). "UNUSUAL FORMS OF SECOND-DEGREE ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK, INCLUDING MOBITZ TYPE-II BLOCK, ASSOCIATED WITH THE MORGAGNI-ADAMS-STOKES SYNDROME". Am Heart J. 67: 150–7. PMID 14118480.
  11. ↑ Ranganathan N, Dhurandhar R, Phillips JH, Wigle ED (1972). "His Bundle electrogram in bundle-branch block". Circulation. 45 (2): 282–94. PMID 5009474.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Dhingra RC, Denes P, Wu D, Chuquimia R, Amat-y-Leon F, Wyndham C; et al. (1974). "Syncope in patients with chronic bifascicular block. Significance, causative mechanisms, and clinical implications". Ann Intern Med. 81 (3): 302–6. PMID 4854561.
  13. ↑ Kulbertus H, Collignon P (1969). "Association of right bundle-branch block with left superior or inferior intraventricular block. Its relation to complete heart block and Adams-Stokes syndrome". Br Heart J. 31 (4): 435–40. PMC 487515. PMID 5791121.
  14. ↑ DePasquale NP, Bruno MS (1973). "Natural history of combined right bundle branch block and left anterior hemiblock (bilateral bundle branch block)". Am J Med. 54 (3): 297–303. PMID 4689232.
  15. ↑ Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Modin G, Brennan M, Mies C, O'Young J (1977). "Prognostic value of infranodal conduction time in patients with chronic bundle branch block". Circulation. 56 (2): 240–4. PMID 872316.
  16. ↑ Denes P, Dhingra RC, Wu D, Wyndham CR, Amat-y-Leon F, Rosen KM (1977). "Sudden death in patients with chronic bifascicular block". Arch Intern Med. 137 (8): 1005–10. PMID 879938.
  17. ↑ McAnulty JH, Kauffman S, Murphy E, Kassebaum DG, Rahimtoola SH (1978). "Survival in patients with intraventricular conduction defects". Arch Intern Med. 138 (1): 30–5. PMID 619828.
  18. ↑ Peters RW, Scheinman MM, Modin C, O'Young J, Somelofski CA, Mies C (1979). "Prophylactic permanent pacemakers for patients with chronic bundle branch block". Am J Med. 66 (6): 978–85. PMID 453228.
  19. ↑ Fisch GR, Zipes DP, Fisch C (1980). "Bundle branch block and sudden death". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 23 (3): 187–224. PMID 7001541.
  20. ↑ McAnulty JH, Rahimtoola SH, Murphy E, DeMots H, Ritzmann L, Kanarek PE; et al. (1982). "Natural history of "high-risk" bundle-branch block: final report of a prospective study". N Engl J Med. 307 (3): 137–43. doi:10.1056/NEJM198207153070301. PMID 7088050.
  21. ↑ Scheinman MM, Peters RW, Suavé MJ, Desai J, Abbott JA, Cogan J; et al. (1982). "Value of the H-Q interval in patients with bundle branch block and the role of prophylactic permanent pacing". Am J Cardiol. 50 (6): 1316–22. PMID 7148708.
  22. ↑ Morady F, Higgins J, Peters RW, Schwartz AB, Shen EN, Bhandari A; et al. (1984). "Electrophysiologic testing in bundle branch block and unexplained syncope". Am J Cardiol. 54 (6): 587–91. PMID 6475778.
  23. ↑ Click RL, Gersh BJ, Sugrue DD, Holmes DR, Wood DL, Osborn MJ; et al. (1987). "Role of invasive electrophysiologic testing in patients with symptomatic bundle branch block". Am J Cardiol. 59 (8): 817–23. PMID 3825942.
  24. ↑ Ezri M, Lerman BB, Marchlinski FE, Buxton AE, Josephson ME (1983). "Electrophysiologic evaluation of syncope in patients with bifascicular block". Am Heart J. 106 (4 Pt 1): 693–7. PMID 6613815.
  25. ↑ Twidale N, Heddle WF, Ayres BF, Tonkin AM (1988). "Clinical implications of electrophysiology study findings in patients with chronic bifascicular block and syncope". Aust N Z J Med. 18 (7): 841–7. PMID 3250407.
  26. ↑ Englund A, Bergfeldt L, Rehnqvist N, Aström H, Rosenqvist M (1995). "Diagnostic value of programmed ventricular stimulation in patients with bifascicular block: a prospective study of patients with and without syncope". J Am Coll Cardiol. 26 (6): 1508–15. doi:10.1016/0735-1097(95)00354-1. PMID 7594078.
  27. ↑ Probst P, Pachinger O, Akbar Murad A, Leisch F, Kaindl F (1979). "The HQ time in congestive cardiomyopathies". Am Heart J. 97 (4): 436–41. PMID 425877.
  28. ↑ Dhingra RC, Wyndham C, Bauernfeind R, Swiryn S, Deedwania PC, Smith T; et al. (1979). "Significance of block distal to the His bundle induced by atrial pacing in patients with chronic bifascicular block". Circulation. 60 (7): 1455–64. PMID 498473.
  29. ↑ Cheng TO (1971). "Atrial pacing: its diagnostic and therapeutic applications". Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 14 (2): 230–47. PMID 4937704.
  30. ↑ Brignole M, Menozzi C, Moya A, Garcia-Civera R, Mont L, Alvarez M; et al. (2001). "Mechanism of syncope in patients with bundle branch block and negative electrophysiological test". Circulation. 104 (17): 2045–50. PMID 11673344.


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