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== Pathophysiology & Etiology==
== [[Southern tick-associated rash illness overview|Overview]] ==
The cause of STARI is unknown. Studies have shown that is not caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, the bacterium that causes Lyme disease. Another spirochete, Borrelia lonestari, was detected in the skin of one patient and the lone star tick that bit him. However, subsequent study of over two dozen STARI patients has found no evidence of B. lonestari infection.


''STARI is specifically associated with bites of Amblyomma americanum, known commonly as the lone star tick.''
== [[Southern tick-associated rash illness historical perspective|Historical Perspective]] ==


== [[Southern tick-associated rash illness pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]] ==


'''Ticks Transmit Lyme Disease'''
== [[Southern tick-associated rash illness causes|Causes]] ==


The Lyme disease bacterium, Borrelia burgdorferi, normally lives in mice, squirrels and other small animals. It is transmitted among these animals – and to humans -- through the bites of certain species of ticks.   
== [[Southern tick-associated rash illness differential diagnosis|Differentiating Southern tick-associated rash illness from other Diseases]] ==


In the northeastern and north-central United States, the blacklegged tick (or deer tick, Ixodes scapularis) transmits Lyme disease. In the Pacific coastal United States, the disease is spread by the western blacklegged tick (Ixodes pacificus). Other tick species found in the United States have not been shown to transmit Borrelia burgdorferi. Blacklegged ticks live for two years and have three feeding stages: larvae, nymph, and adult. When a young tick feeds on an infected animal, the tick takes the bacterium into its body along with the blood meal.
== [[Southern tick-associated rash illness epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]] ==


The bacterium then lives in the gut of the tick. If the tick feeds again, it can transmit the bacterium to its new host. Usually the new host is another small rodent, but sometimes the new host is a human.
== [[Southern tick-associated rash illness risk factors|Risk Factors]] ==
Most cases of human illness occur in the late spring and summer when the tiny nymphs are most active and human outdoor activity is greatest.


Although adult ticks often feed on deer, these animals do not become infected. Deer are nevertheless important in transporting ticks and maintaining tick populations. 
== [[Southern tick-associated rash illness natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]] ==


== Diagnosis ==


'''Other Modes of Transmission'''
[[Southern tick-associated rash illness history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Southern tick-associated rash illness physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Southern tick-associated rash illness laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]]


''Person-to-Person''
== Treatment ==


There is no evidence that Lyme disease is transmitted from person-to-person. For example, a person cannot get infected from touching, kissing or having sex with a person who has Lyme disease.
[[Southern tick-associated rash illness medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Southern tick-associated rash illness primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Southern tick-associated rash illness secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Southern tick-associated rash illness cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Southern tick-associated rash illness future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]


''During Pregnancy & While Breastfeeding''
== Case Studies ==
 
Lyme disease acquired during pregnancy may lead to infection of the placenta and possible stillbirth, however, no negative effects on the fetus have been found when the mother receives appropriate antibiotic treatment. There are no reports of Lyme disease transmission from breast milk.
 
''From Blood''
 
Although no cases of Lyme disease have been linked to blood transfusion, scientists have found that the Lyme disease bacteria can live in blood that is stored for donation. Individuals being treated for Lyme disease with an antibiotic should not donate blood. Individuals who have completed antibiotic treatment for Lyme disease may be considered as potential blood donors.
 
''From Pets''
 
Although dogs and cats can get Lyme disease, there is no evidence that they spread the disease directly to their owners. However, pets can bring infected ticks into your home or yard. Consider protecting your pet, and possibly yourself, through the use of tick control products for animals.
 
''Other Transmission''
 
You will not get Lyme disease from eating venison or squirrel meat, but in keeping with general food safety principles meat should always be cooked thoroughly. Note that hunting and dressing deer or squirrels may bring you into close contact with infected ticks.
 
There is no credible evidence that Lyme disease can be transmitted through air, food, water, or from the bites of mosquitoes, flies, fleas, or lice.
 
===== References =====
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/stari/index.htm
 
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/stari/lone-star-tick-image.htm
 
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvbid/lyme/ld_transmission.htm
 
== Acknowledgements ==
The content on this page was first contributed by: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D.
 
List of contributors:
 
== Suggested Reading and Key General References ==
 
== Suggested Links and Web Resources ==
 
== For Patients ==


[[Southern tick-associated rash illness study one|Case #1]]


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Revision as of 19:29, 20 November 2012

Southern tick-associated rash illness
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: : Vishnu Vardhan Serla M.B.B.S. [2]


Overview

Historical Perspective

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Southern tick-associated rash illness from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

History and Symptoms | Physical Examination | Laboratory Findings

Treatment

Medical Therapy | Primary Prevention | Secondary Prevention | Cost Effectiveness of Therapy | Future or Investigational Therapies

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Case #1

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