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==Epidemiology and Demographics==
O. viverrini is found mainly in northeast Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea.  O. felineus is found mainly in Europe and Asia, including the former Soviet Union.
 
[[File:Incidence of CCA and O. viverrini in Thailand from 1990–2001.jpg|thumb|Prevalence of ''Opisthorchis viverrini'' in Thailand in 1990–2001 correlates with a higher [[cholangiocarcinoma]]:<br/>
19.3% in North Thailand,<br/>
15.7% in North East Thailand,<br/>
3.8% in Central Thailand,<br/>
0% in Southern Thailand.<ref name="Stripa 2007">{{Cite doi|10.1371/journal.pmed.0040201}}.</ref>]]
 
Opisthorchiasis is prevalent in geographical regions where raw [[cyprinid]] fishes are a staple of the diet of humans.<ref name="Young 2010"/> The [[prevalence]] of human infection can be as high as 70% in some regions, for example in [[Khon Kaen Province]] in Thailand.<ref name="Young 2010"/> The parasite establishes in the [[bile duct]]s of the liver as well as [[extrahepatic duct]]s and the [[gall bladder]] of the mammalian (definitive) host.<ref name="Young 2010">{{Cite doi|10.1371/journal.pntd.0000719}}.</ref>
 
Children under the age of 5 are rarely infected by ''Opisthorchis viverrini''.<ref name="Muller 2002"/>
 
In the [[Lao People's Democratic Republic]], the prevalence of opisthorchiasis was:
* 40% in 1992 causing about 1 744 000 people infected<ref name="WHO 1995">[[World Health Organization]] (1995). ''Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection''. WHO Technical Report Series. 849. [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_849_(part1).pdf PDF part 1], [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_849_(part2).pdf PDF part 2]. page 89-91.</ref>
 
In Thailand, the prevalence of opisthorchiasis was:
* scaterred reports by Verdun & Bruyant (1908), Leiper (1911), Prommas (1927), Bedier & Chesneau (1929)<ref name="Wykoff 1965"/>
* The national control programme have started in Thailand in 1950.<ref name="WHO 2004"/>
* 25% in 1953 causing about 2 million infected people.<ref name="WHO 1995"/> The first widespread report of opisthorchiasis in Thailand was in 1953.<ref name="WHO 1995"/>
* 1965: over 3.5 millions infected people<ref name="Wykoff 1965">{{cite PMID|14275209}}, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3276083 JSTOR].</ref>
* 14% in 1980-1981 causing about 7 million infected people.<ref name="Harinasuta 1984"/>
* 63.6% in 1984-1987,<ref name="WHO 2004"/><ref name="Jongsuksuntigul 2003"/> but another [[WHO]] report mention prevalence 35% in Nort-east Thailand for 1984.<ref name="WHO 1995"/>
* 35.6% in 1988<ref name="Jongsuksuntigul 2003"/>
* 30% in 1989<ref name="WHO 2004"/>
* The decline of opisthorchiasis was caused by opisthorchiasis control programme, that includes health education including [[mass distribution]] of [[cooking pot]]s<ref name="WHO 1995"/> and using [[praziquantel]], that was available since 1984.<ref name="WHO 1995"/>
* 15.2% in 1991 causing 7 million infected people.<ref name="WHO 1995"/> About 45 million people were at risk of infection.<ref name="WHO 1995"/> There was prevalence 22.8% in North Thailand, 24.0% in North East Thailand, 7.3% in Central Thailand and 0.3% in Southern Thailand.<ref name="WHO 1995"/>
* 12% in 1996<ref name="WHO 2004"/>
* In 1992-1996 the [[National Public Health Development Plan]] used the strategy by the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, [[Mahidol University]] against opisthorchiasis.<ref name="WHO 1995"/>
* 7% in 2000<ref name="WHO 2004"/>
* 9.4% in 2001<ref name="Jongsuksuntigul 2003"/> In Thailand, the prevalence of opisthorchiasis is 9.4% in 2001,<ref name="Jongsuksuntigul 2003">{{cite doi|10.1016/j.actatropica.2003.01.002}}.</ref> causing about 6 million people are infected with ''Opisthorchis viverrini''.<ref name="Stripa 2007"/><ref name="Laha 2007">{{cite doi|10.1186/1471-2164-8-189}}.</ref>
 
''Opisthorchis viverrini'' was thought to be the only species of [[liver fluke]] in Thailand,<ref name="Harinasuta 1984">{{cite PMID|6542383}}</ref> but [[PCR]] techniques have revealed also ''[[Clonorchis sinensis]]'' in (central) Thailand in 2008.<ref name="Traub 2009">{{cite doi|10.1371/journal.pntd.0000367}}.</ref>
 
Another reference from 2002 lists worldwide number of cases about 9 million (without year of estimation).<ref name="Muller 2002"/> In Thailand, about 7.3 million.<ref name="Muller 2002"/> About 50 million people are at risk of infection.<ref name="Muller 2002"/>
 
In 2005, 67.3 million of people worldwide are at risk of infection.<ref name="Keiser 2005">Keiser J. & Utzinger J. (2005). "Emerging foodborne trematodiasis". ''[[Emerging Infectious Diseases]]'' [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Oct. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no10/05-0614.htm</ref>
 
Keiser & Utzinger (2005)<ref name="Keiser 2005"/> have speculated that [[aquaculture]] development is the key risk factor for foodborne trematodiases including opisthorchiasis caused by ''Opisthorchis viverrini''.<ref name="Keiser 2005"/>
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}

Revision as of 19:33, 26 November 2012

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Epidemiology and Demographics

O. viverrini is found mainly in northeast Thailand, Laos, and Kampuchea. O. felineus is found mainly in Europe and Asia, including the former Soviet Union.

Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini in Thailand in 1990–2001 correlates with a higher cholangiocarcinoma:
19.3% in North Thailand,
15.7% in North East Thailand,
3.8% in Central Thailand,
0% in Southern Thailand.[1]

Opisthorchiasis is prevalent in geographical regions where raw cyprinid fishes are a staple of the diet of humans.[2] The prevalence of human infection can be as high as 70% in some regions, for example in Khon Kaen Province in Thailand.[2] The parasite establishes in the bile ducts of the liver as well as extrahepatic ducts and the gall bladder of the mammalian (definitive) host.[2]

Children under the age of 5 are rarely infected by Opisthorchis viverrini.[3]

In the Lao People's Democratic Republic, the prevalence of opisthorchiasis was:

  • 40% in 1992 causing about 1 744 000 people infected[4]

In Thailand, the prevalence of opisthorchiasis was:

  • scaterred reports by Verdun & Bruyant (1908), Leiper (1911), Prommas (1927), Bedier & Chesneau (1929)[5]
  • The national control programme have started in Thailand in 1950.[6]
  • 25% in 1953 causing about 2 million infected people.[4] The first widespread report of opisthorchiasis in Thailand was in 1953.[4]
  • 1965: over 3.5 millions infected people[5]
  • 14% in 1980-1981 causing about 7 million infected people.[7]
  • 63.6% in 1984-1987,[6][8] but another WHO report mention prevalence 35% in Nort-east Thailand for 1984.[4]
  • 35.6% in 1988[8]
  • 30% in 1989[6]
  • The decline of opisthorchiasis was caused by opisthorchiasis control programme, that includes health education including mass distribution of cooking pots[4] and using praziquantel, that was available since 1984.[4]
  • 15.2% in 1991 causing 7 million infected people.[4] About 45 million people were at risk of infection.[4] There was prevalence 22.8% in North Thailand, 24.0% in North East Thailand, 7.3% in Central Thailand and 0.3% in Southern Thailand.[4]
  • 12% in 1996[6]
  • In 1992-1996 the National Public Health Development Plan used the strategy by the Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University against opisthorchiasis.[4]
  • 7% in 2000[6]
  • 9.4% in 2001[8] In Thailand, the prevalence of opisthorchiasis is 9.4% in 2001,[8] causing about 6 million people are infected with Opisthorchis viverrini.[1][9]

Opisthorchis viverrini was thought to be the only species of liver fluke in Thailand,[7] but PCR techniques have revealed also Clonorchis sinensis in (central) Thailand in 2008.[10]

Another reference from 2002 lists worldwide number of cases about 9 million (without year of estimation).[3] In Thailand, about 7.3 million.[3] About 50 million people are at risk of infection.[3]

In 2005, 67.3 million of people worldwide are at risk of infection.[11]

Keiser & Utzinger (2005)[11] have speculated that aquaculture development is the key risk factor for foodborne trematodiases including opisthorchiasis caused by Opisthorchis viverrini.[11]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Template:Cite doi.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Template:Cite doi.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Muller 2002
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 World Health Organization (1995). Control of Foodborne Trematode Infection. WHO Technical Report Series. 849. PDF part 1, PDF part 2. page 89-91.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Template:Cite PMID, JSTOR.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named WHO 2004
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Template:Cite PMID
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Template:Cite doi.
  9. ↑ Template:Cite doi.
  10. ↑ Template:Cite doi.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Keiser J. & Utzinger J. (2005). "Emerging foodborne trematodiasis". Emerging Infectious Diseases [serial on the Internet]. 2005 Oct. Available from http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no10/05-0614.htm

Template:WH Template:WS

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