Brain damage: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 20:35, 30 November 2012

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Template:Neuropsychology

Overview

Brain damage or brain injury is the destruction or degeneration of brain cells.

Causes

Brain damage may occur due to a wide range of conditions, illnesses, injuries, and as a result of iatrogenesis. Possible causes of widespread (diffuse) brain damage include prolonged hypoxia (shortage of oxygen), poisoning by teratogens (including alcohol), infection, and neurological illness. Chemotherapy can cause brain damage to the neural stem cells and oligodendrocyte cells that produce myelin. Common causes of focal or localized brain damage are physical trauma (traumatic brain injury), stroke, aneurysm, surgery, or neurological illness.

Complications

Brain injury does not necessarily result in long-term impairment or disability, although the location and extent of damage both have a significant effect on the likely outcome. In serious cases of brain injury, the result can be permanent disability, including neurocognitive deficits, delusions (often specifically monothematic delusions), speech or movement problems, and mental handicap. There may also be personality changes. Severe brain damage may result in persistent vegetative state, coma, or death.

Brain Damage in Children

It is a common misconception that brain damage sustained during childhood has a better chance of successful recovery than similar injury acquired in adult life. It is contested that in recent studies, severe brain damage inflicted upon children can be alleviated by the interaction of nicotinamide repropagation in nerve cells. In fact, the consequences of childhood injury may simply be more difficult to detect in the short term. This is because different cortical areas mature at different stages, with some major cell populations and their corresponding cognitive faculties remaining unrefined until early adulthood. In the case of a child with frontal brain injury, for example, the impact of the damage may be undetectable until that child fails to develop normal executive functions in his or her late teens and early twenties.

Diagnosis

The extent and effect of brain injury is often assessed by the use of neurological examination, neuroimaging, and neuropsychological assessment.

Treatment

Various professions may be involved in the medical care and rehabilitation of someone who suffers impairment after brain damage. Neurologists, neurosurgeons, and physiatrists are physicians who specialise in treating brain injury. Neuropsychologists (especially clinical neuropsychologists) are psychologists who specialise in understanding the effects of brain injury and may be involved in assessing the extent of brain damage or creating rehabilitation programmes. Occupational therapists may be involved in running rehabilitation programs to help restore lost function or help re-learn essential skills.

The effects of impairment or disability resulting from brain injury may be treated by a number of methods, including medication, psychotherapy, neuropsychological rehabilitation, snoezelen, surgery, or physical implants such as deep brain stimulation.

Related Chapters

References

External links

Head and Brain Injuries from MedlinePlus
Dr.Diane.com Information on brain injury and related rehabilitation services.
Fact sheets on brain damage, its effects, and strategies for survivors and their families
Brain Damage Research from ScienceDaily
TBI Resource Guide Central source of information, services and products relating to brain injury, brain injury recovery, and post-acute rehabilitation.
Recovery from Acquired Brain Injury from the Psychology Wiki

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+__NOTOC__
+{{CMG}}
+{{SI}}
 {{Neuropsychology}}
+==Overview==
 '''Brain damage''' or '''brain injury''' is the destruction or degeneration of [[brain cells]].
+==Causes==
+Brain damage may occur due to a wide range of conditions, [[illness]]es, [[injury|injuries]], and as a result of [[iatrogenesis]]. Possible causes of widespread (''diffuse'') brain damage include prolonged [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] (shortage of [[oxygen]]), [[poison]]ing by [[teratogen]]s (including [[alcohol]]), [[infection]], and [[neurological illness]]. [[Chemotherapy]] can cause brain damage to the neural [[stem cells]] and [[oligodendrocyte]] cells that produce [[myelin]]. Common causes of focal or localized brain damage are physical [[Physical trauma|trauma]] ([[traumatic brain injury]]), [[stroke]], [[aneurysm]], [[surgery]], or neurological illness.
-Brain damage may occur due to a wide range of conditions, [[illness]]es, [[injury|injuries]], and as a result of [[iatrogenesis]]. Possible causes of widespread (''diffuse'') brain damage include prolonged [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] (shortage of [[oxygen]]), [[poison]]ing by [[teratogen]]s (including [[alcohol]]), [[infection]], and [[neurological illness]]. [[Chemotherapy]] can cause brain damage to the neural [[stem cells]] and [[oligodendrocyte]] cells that produce [[myelin]]. Common causes of focal or localized brain damage are physical [[Physical trauma|trauma]] ([[traumatic brain injury]]), [[stroke]], [[aneurysm]], [[surgery]], or neurological illness.
+==Complications==
+Brain injury does not necessarily result in long-term impairment or [[disability]], although the location and extent of damage both have a significant effect on the likely outcome. In serious cases of brain injury, the result can be permanent [[disability]], including [[neurocognitive deficit]]s, [[delusion]]s (often specifically [[monothematic delusion]]s), speech or movement problems, and [[Mental retardation|mental handicap]]. There may also be personality changes.  Severe brain damage may result in [[persistent vegetative state]], [[coma]], or [[death]].
+===Brain Damage in Children===
+It is a common misconception that brain damage sustained during childhood has a better chance of successful recovery than similar injury acquired in adult life. It is contested that in recent studies, severe brain damage inflicted upon children can be alleviated by the interaction of nicotinamide repropagation in nerve cells. In fact, the consequences of childhood injury may simply be more difficult to detect in the short term. This is because different [[cerebral cortex|cortical]] areas mature at different stages, with some major cell populations and their corresponding cognitive faculties remaining unrefined until early adulthood. In the case of a child with frontal brain injury, for example, the impact of the damage may be undetectable until that child fails to develop normal executive functions in his or her late teens and early twenties.
+==Diagnosis==
 The extent and effect of brain injury is often assessed by the use of [[neurology|neurological examination]], [[neuroimaging]], and [[neuropsychological test|neuropsychological assessment]].
-Brain injury does not necessarily result in long-term impairment or [[disability]], although the location and extent of damage both have a significant effect on the likely outcome. In serious cases of brain injury, the result can be permanent [[disability]], including [[neurocognitive deficit]]s, [[delusion]]s (often specifically [[monothematic delusion]]s), speech or movement problems, and [[Mental retardation|mental handicap]]. There may also be personality changes.  Severe brain damage may result in [[persistent vegetative state]], [[coma]], or [[death]].
+==Treatment==
 Various professions may be involved in the medical care and [[physical therapy|rehabilitation]] of someone who suffers impairment after brain damage. [[Neurologist]]s, [[neurosurgeon]]s, and [[Physical medicine and rehabilitation|physiatrist]]s are [[physician]]s who specialise in treating brain injury. [[Neuropsychology|Neuropsychologists]] (especially [[clinical neuropsychology|clinical neuropsychologists]]) are [[psychologist]]s who specialise in understanding the effects of brain injury and may be involved in assessing the extent of brain damage or creating [[rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|rehabilitation]] programmes. [[Occupational therapy|Occupational therapists]] may be involved in running rehabilitation programs to help restore lost function or help re-learn essential skills.
-It is a common misconception that brain damage sustained during childhood has a better chance of successful recovery than similar injury acquired in adult life. It is contested that in recent studies, severe brain damage inflicted upon children can be alleviated by the interaction of nicotinamide repropagation in nerve cells. In fact, the consequences of childhood injury may simply be more difficult to detect in the short term. This is because different [[cerebral cortex|cortical]] areas mature at different stages, with some major cell populations and their corresponding cognitive faculties remaining unrefined until early adulthood. In the case of a child with frontal brain injury, for example, the impact of the damage may be undetectable until that child fails to develop normal executive functions in his or her late teens and early twenties.
 The effects of impairment or [[disability]] resulting from brain injury may be treated by a number of methods, including [[medication]], [[psychotherapy]], [[Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)|neuropsychological rehabilitation]], [[snoezelen]], [[surgery]], or physical implants such as [[deep brain stimulation]].
-==See also==
+==Related Chapters==
 * [[Cerebral Palsy]]