Echinococcosis epidemiology and demographics: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 19:36, 4 December 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Kalsang Dolma, M.B.B.S.[3]
Epidemiology and Demographics
E. granulosus is present virtually worldwide since there are very few countries that are considered to be completely free of E. granulosus.[1] An important fact to keep in mind is that the areas of the world where there is a high incidence of infection by E. granulosus often coincide with rural, grazing areas where dogs are able to ingest organs from infected animals.
E. multilocularis mainly occurs in the Northern hemisphere, including central Europe and the northern parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. However, its distribution was not always like this.[2] For instance, until the end of the 1980s, E. multilocularis endemic areas in Europe were known to exist only in France, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. But during the 1990s and early 2000s, there was a shift in the distribution of E. multilocularis as the infection rate of foxes escalated in certain parts of France and Germany. As a result, several new endemic areas were found in Switzerland, Germany, and Austria and surrounding countries such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, and Italy. While alveolar echinococcosis is not extremely common, it is believed that in the coming years, it will be an emerging or re-emerging disease in certain countries as a result of E. multilocularis’ ability to spread.[3]
Unlike the previous two species of Echinococcus, E. vogeli and E. oligarthus are limited to Central and South America. Furthermore, infections by E. vogeli and E. oligarthus (polycystic echinococcosis) are considered to be the rarest form of echinococcosis.[4]
References
- ↑ Budke, Christine M., Peter Deplazes, and Paul R. Torgerson. “Global Socioeconomic Impact of Cystic Echinococcosis.” Emerging Infectious Disease (2006). Web. 15 February 2010.
- ↑ CDC. "Parasites and Health: Echinococcosis." DPDx. 20 July 2009. CDC, Web. 5 February 2010. <http://www.dpd.cdc.gov/DPDx/html/Echinococcosis.htm>.
- ↑ Sréter, Tamás, Zoltán Széll, Zsuzsa Egyed, and István Varga. “Echinococcus multilocularis: an Emerging Pathogen in Hungary and Central Eastern Europe.” Emerging Infectious Disease (2003). Web. 20 February 2010
- ↑ John, David T. and William A. Petri. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. St. Louis, MI: Saunders Elsevier, 2006. 224-231. Print.