Cholera risk factors: Difference between revisions
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{{Cholera}} | {{Cholera}} | ||
{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com] | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editors-In-Chief:''' [[Priyamvada Singh|Priyamvada Singh, MBBS]] [mailto:psingh13579@gmail.com] | ||
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
Certain factors have been found to be associated with an increased risks of Cholera. Among these decreased immunity, decreased gastric pH, certain blood groups (Blood group O are most prone, blood group AB is least prone), and genetics are the commonest associated. | Certain factors have been found to be associated with an increased risks of Cholera. Among these decreased immunity, decreased gastric pH, certain blood groups (Blood group O are most prone, blood group AB is least prone), and genetics are the commonest associated. | ||
==Risk | ==Risk Factors== | ||
===Blood | ===Blood Group=== | ||
* Recent [[epidemiology|epidemiologic research]] suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other [[diarrhea]]l infections) is affected by their [[blood type]]: Those with [[type O blood]] are the most susceptible,<ref name=Swerdlow_1994>{{cite journal |author=Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L |title=Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=468-72 |year=1994 |id=PMID 8035040}}</ref><ref name=Harris_2005>{{cite journal |author=Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S |title=Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with ''Vibrio cholerae'' in an area of endemicity |journal=Infect Immun |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=7422-7 |year=2005 |pmid=16239542}}</ref> while those with [[type AB]] are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B. | * Recent [[epidemiology|epidemiologic research]] suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other [[diarrhea]]l infections) is affected by their [[blood type]]: Those with [[type O blood]] are the most susceptible,<ref name=Swerdlow_1994>{{cite journal |author=Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L |title=Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=170 |issue=2 |pages=468-72 |year=1994 |id=PMID 8035040}}</ref><ref name=Harris_2005>{{cite journal |author=Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S |title=Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with ''Vibrio cholerae'' in an area of endemicity |journal=Infect Immun |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=7422-7 |year=2005 |pmid=16239542}}</ref> while those with [[type AB]] are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B. | ||
===Genetics=== | ===Genetics=== | ||
It has also been hypothesized that the [[cystic fibrosis]] genetic [[mutation]] has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: [[heterozygous]] carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infections.<ref name=Bertranpetit_1996>{{cite journal |author=Bertranpetit J, Calafell F |title=Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations |journal=Ciba Found Symp |volume=197 |issue= |pages=97-114; discussion 114-8 |year=1996 |pmid=8827370}}</ref> In this model, the genetic deficiency in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the [[gastrointestinal]] epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection. | * It has also been hypothesized that the [[cystic fibrosis]] genetic [[mutation]] has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: [[heterozygous]] carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to ''V. cholerae'' infections.<ref name=Bertranpetit_1996>{{cite journal |author=Bertranpetit J, Calafell F |title=Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations |journal=Ciba Found Symp |volume=197 |issue= |pages=97-114; discussion 114-8 |year=1996 |pmid=8827370}}</ref> In this model, the genetic deficiency in the [[cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator]] channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the [[gastrointestinal]] epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection. | ||
===Decreased | ===Decreased Gastric Acidity=== | ||
* Use of [[antacid]]s | * Use of [[antacid]]s | ||
===Decreased Immunity=== | ===Decreased Immunity=== | ||
* [[Malnutrition|Malnourished]] patients | * [[Malnutrition|Malnourished]] patients | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist|2}} | {{Reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 15:11, 7 December 2012
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editors-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, MBBS [2]
Overview
Certain factors have been found to be associated with an increased risks of Cholera. Among these decreased immunity, decreased gastric pH, certain blood groups (Blood group O are most prone, blood group AB is least prone), and genetics are the commonest associated.
Risk Factors
Blood Group
- Recent epidemiologic research suggests that an individual's susceptibility to cholera (and other diarrheal infections) is affected by their blood type: Those with type O blood are the most susceptible,[1][2] while those with type AB are the most resistant. Between these two extremes are the A and B blood types, with type A being more resistant than type B.
Genetics
- It has also been hypothesized that the cystic fibrosis genetic mutation has been maintained in humans due to a selective advantage: heterozygous carriers of the mutation (who are thus not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to V. cholerae infections.[3] In this model, the genetic deficiency in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the gastrointestinal epithelium, thus reducing the effects of an infection.
Decreased Gastric Acidity
- Use of antacids
Decreased Immunity
- Malnourished patients
References
- ↑ Swerdlow D, Mintz E, Rodriguez M, Tejada E, Ocampo C, Espejo L, Barrett T, Petzelt J, Bean N, Seminario L (1994). "Severe life-threatening cholera associated with blood group O in Peru: implications for the Latin American epidemic". J Infect Dis. 170 (2): 468–72. PMID 8035040.
- ↑ Harris J, Khan A, LaRocque R, Dorer D, Chowdhury F, Faruque A, Sack D, Ryan E, Qadri F, Calderwood S (2005). "Blood group, immunity, and risk of infection with Vibrio cholerae in an area of endemicity". Infect Immun. 73 (11): 7422–7. PMID 16239542.
- ↑ Bertranpetit J, Calafell F (1996). "Genetic and geographical variability in cystic fibrosis: evolutionary considerations". Ciba Found Symp. 197: 97–114, discussion 114-8. PMID 8827370.