Typhus overview: Difference between revisions
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=== Medical Therapy === | === Medical Therapy === | ||
Treatments for most rickettsial illnesses are similar and include administration of appropriate antibiotics (e.g., | Treatments for most rickettsial illnesses are similar and include administration of appropriate antibiotics (e.g., [[tetracycline]]s, [[chloramphenicol]], [[azithromycin]], [[fluoroquinolone]]s, and [[rifampin]]) and supportive care. Treatment should usually be given empirically prior to disease confirmation, and the particular antimicrobial agent and the length of treatment are dependent upon the disease and the host. | ||
=== Primary Prevention === | === Primary Prevention === | ||
Revision as of 17:50, 12 December 2012
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Typhus Microchapters |
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Treatment |
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Case Studies |
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Typhus overview On the Web |
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American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Typhus overview |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Typhus is any one of several similar diseases caused by louse-borne bacteria. The name comes from the Greek typhos, meaning smoky or lazy, describing the state of mind of those affected with typhus. Rickettsia is endemic in rodent hosts, including mice and rats, and spreads to humans through mites, fleas and body lice. The arthropod vector flourishes under conditions of poor hygiene, such as those found in prisons or refugee camps, amongst the homeless, or until the middle of the 20th century, in armies in the field. In tropical countries, typhus is often mistaken for dengue fever.
Risk Factors
Travelers may be at risk for exposure to agents of rickettsial diseases if they engage in occupational or recreational activities which bring them into contact with habitats that support the vectors or animal reservoir species associated with these pathogens. Immunocompromised patients are also at risk.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Treatments for most rickettsial illnesses are similar and include administration of appropriate antibiotics (e.g., tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, and rifampin) and supportive care. Treatment should usually be given empirically prior to disease confirmation, and the particular antimicrobial agent and the length of treatment are dependent upon the disease and the host.
Primary Prevention
No licensed vaccines for prevention of rickettsial infections are commercially available in the United States. With the exception of the louse-borne diseases, for which contact with infectious arthropod feces is the primary mode of transmission (through autoinoculation into a wound, conjunctiva, or inhalation), travelers and health-care providers are generally not at risk for becoming infected via exposure to an ill person. Limiting exposures to vectors or animal reservoirs remains the best means for reducing the risk for disease. Travelers should be advised that prevention is based on avoidance of vector-infested habitats, use of repellents and protective clothing, prompt detection and removal of arthropods from clothing and skin, and attention to hygiene