Tachycardia pathophysiology: Difference between revisions
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{{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MUT}} | {{CMG}}; '''Associate Editor-In-Chief:''' {{MUT}} | ||
==Pathophysiology== | ==Pathophysiology== | ||
===Haemodynamic | ===Haemodynamic Responses=== | ||
The body contains several feedback mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow and [[blood pressure]]. If blood pressure decreases, the heart beats faster in an attempt to raise it. This is called [[reflex]] tachycardia. | The body contains several feedback mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow and [[blood pressure]]. If blood pressure decreases, the heart beats faster in an attempt to raise it. This is called [[reflex]] tachycardia. | ||
This can happen in response to a decrease in [[blood volume]] (through [[dehydration]] or [[bleeding]]), or an unexpected change in [[blood flow]]. | This can happen in response to a decrease in [[blood volume]] (through [[dehydration]] or [[bleeding]]), or an unexpected change in [[blood flow]]. | ||
===Sinus | ===Sinus Tachycardia=== | ||
The most common type of tachycardia is [[sinus tachycardia]], which is the body's normal reaction to stress, including fever, dehydration, or blood loss (shock). It is a technical [[supraventricular tachycardia|narrow complex tachycardia]]. In the absence of heart disease, it tends to have a narrow QRS complex on the ECG. Treatment is generally directed at identifying the underlying cause. | The most common type of tachycardia is [[sinus tachycardia]], which is the body's normal reaction to stress, including fever, dehydration, or blood loss (shock). It is a technical [[supraventricular tachycardia|narrow complex tachycardia]]. In the absence of heart disease, it tends to have a narrow QRS complex on the ECG. Treatment is generally directed at identifying the underlying cause. | ||
===Ventricular | ===Ventricular Tachycardia=== | ||
{{main|Ventricular tachycardia}} | {{main|Ventricular tachycardia}} | ||
Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tach) is a potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia that originates in the ventricles. It is usually a regular, wide complex tachycardia with a rate between 120 and 250 beats per minute. Ventricular tachycardia has the potential of degrading to the more serious [[ventricular fibrillation]]. Ventricular tachycardia is a common, and often lethal, complication of a [[myocardial infarction]] (heart attack). | Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tach) is a potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia that originates in the ventricles. It is usually a regular, wide complex tachycardia with a rate between 120 and 250 beats per minute. Ventricular tachycardia has the potential of degrading to the more serious [[ventricular fibrillation]]. Ventricular tachycardia is a common, and often lethal, complication of a [[myocardial infarction]] (heart attack). | ||
====Exercise-Induced Ventricular Tachycardia==== | |||
It is a phenomenon related to [[cardiac arrest|sudden death]]s, especially in patients with severe heart disease ([[ischaemia]], acquired [[valvular heart disease|valvular heart]] and [[congenital heart disease]]) accompanied with left [[ventricular]] [[dysfunction]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.medinet.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/medic/nckh/nhthat/e_nhthat.htm |title=Ventricular tachycardia and ST segment elevation during Exercise |accessdate=2007-07-21 |format= |work=}}</ref> A case of a death from exercise-induced VT was the death on a basketball court of Hank Gathers, the Loyola Marymount basketball]] star, in March 1990.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C0CE1DC103DF93AA15750C0A966958260&sec=health&pagewanted=print |title=Basketball; As a Lawsuit Looms on Death of Gathers, Many Major Questions Remain Unanswered - New York Times |accessdate=2007-07-21 |format= |work=}}</ref> | |||
Both of these rhythms normally last for only a few seconds to minutes | Both of these rhythms normally last for only a few seconds to minutes ([[paroxysmal tachycardia]]), but if VT persists it is extremely dangerous, often leading to [[ventricular fibrillation]]. | ||
===SVT Rhythms=== | ===SVT Rhythms=== | ||
{{main|Supraventricular tachycardia}} | {{main|Supraventricular tachycardia}} | ||
====Atrial | ====Atrial Fibrillation==== | ||
[[Atrial fibrillation]] is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. It is generally an irregular, narrow complex rhythm. However, it may show wide QRS complexes on the ECG if a [[bundle branch block]] is present. At high rates, the QRS complex may also become wide due to the [[Ashman phenomenon]]. It may be difficult to determine the rhythm's regularity when the rate exceeds 150 beats per minute. Depending on the patient's health and other variables such as medications taken for rate control, atrial fibrillation may cause heart rates that span from 50 to 250 beats per minute (or even higher if an [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome|accessory pathway]] is present). However, new onset atrial fibrillation tends to present with rates between 100 and 150 beats per minute. | [[Atrial fibrillation]] is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. It is generally an irregular, narrow complex rhythm. However, it may show wide QRS complexes on the ECG if a [[bundle branch block]] is present. At high rates, the QRS complex may also become wide due to the [[Ashman phenomenon]]. It may be difficult to determine the rhythm's regularity when the rate exceeds 150 beats per minute. Depending on the patient's health and other variables such as medications taken for rate control, atrial fibrillation may cause heart rates that span from 50 to 250 beats per minute (or even higher if an [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome|accessory pathway]] is present). However, new onset atrial fibrillation tends to present with rates between 100 and 150 beats per minute. | ||
====AV | ====AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)==== | ||
[[AV nodal reentrant tachycardia]] is the most common reentrant tachycardia. It is a regular [[supraventricular tachycardia|narrow complex tachycardia]] that usually responds well to [[vagal maneuvers]] or the drug [[adenosine]]. However, unstable patients sometimes require synchronized [[cardioversion]]. Definitive care may include [[catheter ablation]]. | [[AV nodal reentrant tachycardia]] is the most common reentrant tachycardia. It is a regular [[supraventricular tachycardia|narrow complex tachycardia]] that usually responds well to [[vagal maneuvers]] or the drug [[adenosine]]. However, unstable patients sometimes require synchronized [[cardioversion]]. Definitive care may include [[catheter ablation]]. | ||
====AV | ====AV Reentrant Tachycardia==== | ||
AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) requires an [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome|accessory pathway]] for its maintenance. AVRT may involve orthodromic conduction (where the impulse travels down the AV node to the ventricles and back up to the atria through the accessory pathway) or antidromic conduction (which the impulse travels down the accessory pathway and back up to the atria through the AV node). Orthodromic conduction usually results in a narrow complex tachycardia, and antidromic conduction usually results in a wide complex tachycardia that often mimics [[ventricular tachycardia]]. Most antiarrhythmics are contraindicated in the emergency treatment of AVRT, because they may paradoxically increase conduction across the accessory pathway. | AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) requires an [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome|accessory pathway]] for its maintenance. AVRT may involve orthodromic conduction (where the impulse travels down the AV node to the ventricles and back up to the atria through the accessory pathway) or antidromic conduction (which the impulse travels down the accessory pathway and back up to the atria through the AV node). Orthodromic conduction usually results in a narrow complex tachycardia, and antidromic conduction usually results in a wide complex tachycardia that often mimics [[ventricular tachycardia]]. Most antiarrhythmics are contraindicated in the emergency treatment of AVRT, because they may paradoxically increase conduction across the accessory pathway. | ||
====Junctional | ====Junctional Tachycardia==== | ||
Junctional tachycardia is an automatic tachycardia originating in the AV junction. It tends to be a regular, narrow complex tachycardia and may be a sign of digitalis toxicity. | Junctional tachycardia is an automatic tachycardia originating in the AV junction. It tends to be a regular, narrow complex tachycardia and may be a sign of digitalis toxicity. | ||
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[[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | [[Category:Signs and symptoms]] | ||
[[Category:Emergency medicine]] | [[Category:Emergency medicine]] | ||
[[Category:Needs overview]] | |||
{{WH}} | {{WH}} | ||
{{WS}} | {{WS}} | ||
Revision as of 19:08, 8 January 2013
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]
Pathophysiology
Haemodynamic Responses
The body contains several feedback mechanisms to maintain adequate blood flow and blood pressure. If blood pressure decreases, the heart beats faster in an attempt to raise it. This is called reflex tachycardia.
This can happen in response to a decrease in blood volume (through dehydration or bleeding), or an unexpected change in blood flow.
Sinus Tachycardia
The most common type of tachycardia is sinus tachycardia, which is the body's normal reaction to stress, including fever, dehydration, or blood loss (shock). It is a technical narrow complex tachycardia. In the absence of heart disease, it tends to have a narrow QRS complex on the ECG. Treatment is generally directed at identifying the underlying cause.
Ventricular Tachycardia
Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tach) is a potentially life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia that originates in the ventricles. It is usually a regular, wide complex tachycardia with a rate between 120 and 250 beats per minute. Ventricular tachycardia has the potential of degrading to the more serious ventricular fibrillation. Ventricular tachycardia is a common, and often lethal, complication of a myocardial infarction (heart attack).
Exercise-Induced Ventricular Tachycardia
It is a phenomenon related to sudden deaths, especially in patients with severe heart disease (ischaemia, acquired valvular heart and congenital heart disease) accompanied with left ventricular dysfunction.[1] A case of a death from exercise-induced VT was the death on a basketball court of Hank Gathers, the Loyola Marymount basketball]] star, in March 1990.[2]
Both of these rhythms normally last for only a few seconds to minutes (paroxysmal tachycardia), but if VT persists it is extremely dangerous, often leading to ventricular fibrillation.
SVT Rhythms
Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation is one of the most common cardiac arrhythmias. It is generally an irregular, narrow complex rhythm. However, it may show wide QRS complexes on the ECG if a bundle branch block is present. At high rates, the QRS complex may also become wide due to the Ashman phenomenon. It may be difficult to determine the rhythm's regularity when the rate exceeds 150 beats per minute. Depending on the patient's health and other variables such as medications taken for rate control, atrial fibrillation may cause heart rates that span from 50 to 250 beats per minute (or even higher if an accessory pathway is present). However, new onset atrial fibrillation tends to present with rates between 100 and 150 beats per minute.
AV Nodal Reentrant Tachycardia (AVNRT)
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia is the most common reentrant tachycardia. It is a regular narrow complex tachycardia that usually responds well to vagal maneuvers or the drug adenosine. However, unstable patients sometimes require synchronized cardioversion. Definitive care may include catheter ablation.
AV Reentrant Tachycardia
AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT) requires an accessory pathway for its maintenance. AVRT may involve orthodromic conduction (where the impulse travels down the AV node to the ventricles and back up to the atria through the accessory pathway) or antidromic conduction (which the impulse travels down the accessory pathway and back up to the atria through the AV node). Orthodromic conduction usually results in a narrow complex tachycardia, and antidromic conduction usually results in a wide complex tachycardia that often mimics ventricular tachycardia. Most antiarrhythmics are contraindicated in the emergency treatment of AVRT, because they may paradoxically increase conduction across the accessory pathway.
Junctional Tachycardia
Junctional tachycardia is an automatic tachycardia originating in the AV junction. It tends to be a regular, narrow complex tachycardia and may be a sign of digitalis toxicity.
References
- ↑ "Ventricular tachycardia and ST segment elevation during Exercise". Retrieved 2007-07-21.
- ↑ "Basketball; As a Lawsuit Looms on Death of Gathers, Many Major Questions Remain Unanswered - New York Times". Retrieved 2007-07-21.