Chronic stable angina history and symptoms: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
The name angina "pain" can be thought of as a misnomer as patients often describe the sensation as discomfort rather than physical pain. The best method to characterize this discomfort/pain is through the | The name angina "pain" can be thought of as a misnomer as patients often describe the sensation as discomfort rather than physical pain. The best method to characterize this discomfort/pain is through the 'PQRST system'. | ||
==P = Provocation/Palliation== | ==History and Symptoms== | ||
===P = Provocation/Palliation=== | |||
* The most common cause of anginal pain is exertion. Anginal discomfort is often relieved by rest or [[nitroglycerine]]. Usually relief from rest or nitroglycerine occurs in 2 to 3 minutes. | * The most common cause of anginal pain is exertion. Anginal discomfort is often relieved by rest or [[nitroglycerine]]. Usually relief from rest or nitroglycerine occurs in 2 to 3 minutes. | ||
* Less common precipitants of anginal discomfort include: | * Less common precipitants of anginal discomfort include: | ||
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Non-anginal chest pain - one feature. | Non-anginal chest pain - one feature. | ||
==Q = Quality/Quantity== | ===Q = Quality/Quantity=== | ||
* The nature of the sensation is usually not described as a "pain" but rather as a discomfort. It is often described as: | * The nature of the sensation is usually not described as a "pain" but rather as a discomfort. It is often described as: | ||
:* A sense of heaviness | :* A sense of heaviness | ||
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* The pain is not sharp or [[pleuritic]] in nature. This is in contrast [[pericarditis]] which is described in this way. | * The pain is not sharp or [[pleuritic]] in nature. This is in contrast [[pericarditis]] which is described in this way. | ||
==R = Region/Radiation== | ===R = Region/Radiation=== | ||
* Typically the angina is located in the center of the chest or on the left side of the chest. | * Typically the angina is located in the center of the chest or on the left side of the chest. | ||
* Less frequently the discomfort is predominantly in the [[epigastrum]], the shoulders, neck or jaw. | * Less frequently the discomfort is predominantly in the [[epigastrum]], the shoulders, neck or jaw. | ||
* In some patients, the pain may radiate to the inner aspect of the left arm, the neck or the jaw. | * In some patients, the pain may radiate to the inner aspect of the left arm, the neck or the jaw. | ||
==S =Severity Scale== | ===S =Severity Scale=== | ||
* The patient should be asked to rank their pain on a scale of 0 - 10, zero being no pain at all and 10 being the worst pain ever. | * The patient should be asked to rank their pain on a scale of 0 - 10, zero being no pain at all and 10 being the worst pain ever. | ||
* The patient should be asked: | * The patient should be asked: | ||
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* Both the [[ New york heart association functional classification|New York Heart Association functional classification scheme]] (NYHA) and the [[Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classifications of Angina Pectoris|Canadian Cardiovascular Society functional classification]] (CCS) can be used to quantify the severity of anginal pain. | * Both the [[ New york heart association functional classification|New York Heart Association functional classification scheme]] (NYHA) and the [[Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classifications of Angina Pectoris|Canadian Cardiovascular Society functional classification]] (CCS) can be used to quantify the severity of anginal pain. | ||
==T = Timing== | ===T = Timing=== | ||
* Anginal discomfort usually lasts 1 to 5 minutes with a range from 1 minute to 30 minutes. Pain that lasts seconds is usually not anginal pain. | * Anginal discomfort usually lasts 1 to 5 minutes with a range from 1 minute to 30 minutes. Pain that lasts seconds is usually not anginal pain. | ||
* The pain is usually relieved in 2 to 3 minutes with rest or nitroglycerine. Anginal discomfort associated with emotional distress is usually relieved more slowly. | * The pain is usually relieved in 2 to 3 minutes with rest or nitroglycerine. Anginal discomfort associated with emotional distress is usually relieved more slowly. | ||
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* In following the patient with angina, the frequency and duration of pain, should be recorded to assess the response to therapy. | * In following the patient with angina, the frequency and duration of pain, should be recorded to assess the response to therapy. | ||
==Associated Symptoms== | ===Associated Symptoms=== | ||
*There may be symptoms of systolic or diastolic left ventricular dysfunction that leads to shortness or breath or [[dyspnea]]. | *There may be symptoms of systolic or diastolic left ventricular dysfunction that leads to shortness or breath or [[dyspnea]]. | ||
*In some patients, chest discomfort is not present, and [[dyspnea]] is the | *In some patients, chest discomfort is not present, and [[dyspnea]] is the anginal equivalent. | ||
<center> | <center> | ||
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'''2.''' [[Chronic stable angina electrocardiography|Resting ECG]] in all patients. ''([[European society of cardiology#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''}} | '''2.''' [[Chronic stable angina electrocardiography|Resting ECG]] in all patients. ''([[European society of cardiology#Level of Evidence|Level of Evidence: B]])''}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 15:41, 18 January 2013
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Chronic stable angina Microchapters | ||
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Classification | ||
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Differentiating Chronic Stable Angina from Acute Coronary Syndromes | ||
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Diagnosis | ||
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Alternative Therapies for Refractory Angina | ||
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Discharge Care | ||
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Guidelines for Asymptomatic Patients | ||
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Case Studies | ||
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Chronic stable angina history and symptoms On the Web | ||
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to Hospitals Treating Chronic stable angina history and symptoms | ||
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Risk calculators and risk factors for Chronic stable angina history and symptoms | ||
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1], Associate Editor-in-Chief: Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.
Overview
The name angina "pain" can be thought of as a misnomer as patients often describe the sensation as discomfort rather than physical pain. The best method to characterize this discomfort/pain is through the 'PQRST system'.
History and Symptoms
P = Provocation/Palliation
- The most common cause of anginal pain is exertion. Anginal discomfort is often relieved by rest or nitroglycerine. Usually relief from rest or nitroglycerine occurs in 2 to 3 minutes.
- Less common precipitants of anginal discomfort include:
- Emotional distress
- A large meal
- Cold weather
- Cocaine
- Anemia
- Thyrotoxicosis
- The discomfort is not precipitated by changes in position. This is in contrast to pericarditis which is relieved by sitting up or sitting forward.
- In following the patient with chronic stable angina, the duration and or distance of exertion required to provoke the angina should be recorded to monitor the response to therapy.
Stable angina can be classified basing upon features.
- Substernal chest pain.
- Pain provocated by exertion and/or emotional stress.
- Relieved with rest and /or nitroglycerin.
Typical angina - All the three features. Atypical angina - two features. Non-anginal chest pain - one feature.
Q = Quality/Quantity
- The nature of the sensation is usually not described as a "pain" but rather as a discomfort. It is often described as:
- A sense of heaviness
- Squeezing
- Pressure
- Choking
- Strangling
- Band like tightness
- Or even as an "elephant sitting on my chest"
- The pain is not sharp or pleuritic in nature. This is in contrast pericarditis which is described in this way.
R = Region/Radiation
- Typically the angina is located in the center of the chest or on the left side of the chest.
- Less frequently the discomfort is predominantly in the epigastrum, the shoulders, neck or jaw.
- In some patients, the pain may radiate to the inner aspect of the left arm, the neck or the jaw.
S =Severity Scale
- The patient should be asked to rank their pain on a scale of 0 - 10, zero being no pain at all and 10 being the worst pain ever.
- The patient should be asked:
- Does the discomfort interferes with activities?
- How bad the discomfort is when it is at its worst?
- Does it force the patient to sit down, lie down, or slow down?
- Both the New York Heart Association functional classification scheme (NYHA) and the Canadian Cardiovascular Society functional classification (CCS) can be used to quantify the severity of anginal pain.
T = Timing
- Anginal discomfort usually lasts 1 to 5 minutes with a range from 1 minute to 30 minutes. Pain that lasts seconds is usually not anginal pain.
- The pain is usually relieved in 2 to 3 minutes with rest or nitroglycerine. Anginal discomfort associated with emotional distress is usually relieved more slowly.
- Angina that occurs at night (nocturnal angina) is characteristic of coronary spasm.
- In following the patient with angina, the frequency and duration of pain, should be recorded to assess the response to therapy.
Associated Symptoms
- There may be symptoms of systolic or diastolic left ventricular dysfunction that leads to shortness or breath or dyspnea.
- In some patients, chest discomfort is not present, and dyspnea is the anginal equivalent.
Classifications of Functional capacity and Severity in chronic stable angina
| Class | New York Heart Association Classification | Canadian Cardiovascular Society Classification |
| Class I | No limitation:
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| Class II | Minimal limitation:
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| Class III | Marked limitation:
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| Class IV | Extreme limitation:
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ACC/AHA/ACP–ASIM Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Chronic Stable Angina (DO NOT EDIT)[1]
History and Physical (DO NOT EDIT)[1]
| Class I |
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"1. In patients presenting with chest pain, a detailed symptom history, focused physical examination, and directed risk factor assessment should be performed. With this information, the clinician should estimate the probability of significant CAD (ie, low, intermediate, high). (Level of Evidence: B)" |
ESC Guidelines- Clinical Evaluation (DO NOT EDIT) [2]
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Class I1. Detailed clinical history and physical examination including BMI and/or waist circumference in all patients, also including a full description of symptoms, quantification of functional impairment, past medical history, and cardiovascular risk profile. (Level of Evidence: B) 2. Resting ECG in all patients. (Level of Evidence: B) |
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Gibbons RJ, Chatterjee K, Daley J, Douglas JS, Fihn SD, Gardin JM; et al. (1999). "ACC/AHA/ACP-ASIM guidelines for the management of patients with chronic stable angina: executive summary and recommendations. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on Management of Patients with Chronic Stable Angina)". Circulation. 99 (21): 2829–48. PMID 10351980.
- ↑ Fox K, Garcia MA, Ardissino D, Buszman P, Camici PG, Crea F; et al. (2006). "Guidelines on the management of stable angina pectoris: executive summary: The Task Force on the Management of Stable Angina Pectoris of the European Society of Cardiology". Eur Heart J. 27 (11): 1341–81. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehl001. PMID 16735367.