Acanthosis nigricans: Difference between revisions
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*[[Addison's disease]] | *[[Addison's disease]] | ||
*[[Bangstad syndrome]] | *[[Bangstad syndrome]] | ||
* | *Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome | ||
*[[Breast cancer]] | *[[Breast cancer]] | ||
*[[Colon cancer]] | *[[Colon cancer]] | ||
* | *Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 | ||
* | *Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2 | ||
*[[Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans]] | *[[Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans]] | ||
*[[Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome]] | *[[Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome]] | ||
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*[[Tongue Swelling]] | *[[Tongue Swelling]] | ||
*[[Uterine cancer]] | *[[Uterine cancer]] | ||
===Signs and Tests=== | ===Signs and Tests=== | ||
Revision as of 15:26, 31 January 2013
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Acanthosis nigricans is a brown to black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin, usually present in the posterior and lateral folds of the neck, the axilla, groin, umbilicus, and other areas.
Causes
This occurs due to insulin spillover (from excessive production due to obesity or insulin resistance) into the skin which results in abnormal growth being observed.
The most common cause would be insulin resistance, usually from type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Other causes are familial, obesity, drug-induced, malignant (gastric cancer), idiopathic, and Polycystic ovary syndrome. In the context of a malignant disease, Acanthosis nigricans is a paraneoplastic syndrome and is then commonly referred to as Acanthosis nigricans maligna. Involvement of mucous membranes is rare and suggests a coexisting malignant condition.[1]
Common Causes
- Insulin resistance
- Diabetes mellitus
- Obesity
- Drug-induced
- Gastric cancer
- Idiopathic
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
Causes in Alphabetical Order
- Acanthosis nigricans
- Acromegaly
- Addison's disease
- Bangstad syndrome
- Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome
- Breast cancer
- Colon cancer
- Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1
- Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
- Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans
- Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome
- Cushing's disease
- Diabetes mellitus type 2
- Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans type A
- Donohue syndrome
- Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2
- Familial
- Ferdinand-Jean Darier
- FGFR3 mutation
- Glucocorticoids
- Growth hormone therapy
- Hyperandrogenism
- Hyperglycemia
- Hyperpigmentation
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hypothyroidism
- Insulin
- Insulin receptor defect
- Leser-Trelat sign
- Liver cancer
- Lung cancer
- Melanoma
- Metabolic syndrome
- Niacin
- Obesity
- Oral contraceptives
- Ovarian cancer
- Ovarian cyst
- Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor
- Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
- Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Prediabetes
- Prostate cancer
- Protease inhibitors
- Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome
- Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Delay and Acanthosis Nigricans
- Stomach cancer
- Tongue Swelling
- Uterine cancer
Signs and Tests
Physicians can usually diagnose acanthosis nigricans by simply looking at a patient's skin. A skin biopsy may be needed in unusual cases. If no clear cause of acanthosis nigricans is obvious, it may be necessary to search for one. Blood tests, an endoscopy, or x-rays may be required to eliminate the possibility of diabetes or cancer as the cause.
Physical Examination
Skin
Treatment
People with acanthosis nigricans should be screened for diabetes and, although rare, cancer. Controlling blood glucose levels through exercise and diet often improves symptoms.
Prognosis
Acanthosis nigricans often fades if the underlying cause can be determined and treated appropriately.
References
- ↑ Schnopp C, Baumstark J (2007). "Oral acanthosis nigricans". N Engl J Med. 357 (9): e10. PMID 17761587.
- ↑ http://picasaweb.google.com/mcmumbi/USMLEIIImages
External links
Template:Paraneoplastic syndromes
de:Akanthose
nl:Acanthosis nigricans