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| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Obesity]], [[Metabolic syndrome]], [[Hyperglycemia]], [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders]], [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]]
|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Obesity]], [[Metabolic syndrome]], [[Hyperglycemia]], [[Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders]], [[Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome]], [[Bangstad syndrome]]
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Acanthosis nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] ; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview Acanthosis nigricans is a brown to black, poorly defined, velvety hyperpigmentation of the skin , usually present in the posterior and lateral folds of the neck , the axilla , groin , umbilicus , and other areas. Acanthosis nigricans generally occurs due to insulin spillover (from excessive production due to obesity or insulin resistance ) onto the skin which results in abnormal skin growth
The most common cause of acanthosis nigricans is insulin resistance , usually from type 2 diabetes mellitus .Involvement of mucous membranes is rare and suggests a coexisting malignant condition.[ 1]
Causes Common Causes Causes by Organ System
Cardiovascular
Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Chemical / poisoning
No underlying causes
Dermatologic
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders , Melanoma , Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome , Hyperpigmentation , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Drug Side Effect
Glucocorticoids , Growth hormone therapy , Insulin , Niacin , Oral contraceptives , Protease inhibitors
Ear Nose Throat
No underlying causes
Endocrine
Acromegaly , Donohue syndrome , Prediabetes , Hypothyroidism , Addison's disease , Hyperandrogenism , Bangstad syndrome , Cushing's disease , Diabetes mellitus type 2 , Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance with acanthosis nigricans type A , Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 , Hyperthyroidism , Insulin receptor defect , Metabolic syndrome , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome , Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome , Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Environmental
No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic
Colon cancer , Liver cancer , Stomach cancer , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Genetic
Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans , Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome , Familial , FGFR3 mutation , Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Delay and Acanthosis Nigricans , Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome , Donohue syndrome , Bangstad syndrome , Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 , Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome , Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 1 , Congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2
Hematologic
No underlying causes
Iatrogenic
No underlying causes
Infectious Disease
No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal / Ortho
Acromegaly , Crouzon syndrome with acanthosis nigricans , Crouzonodermoskeletal syndrome , Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Delay and Acanthosis Nigricans , Beare-Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome , Donohue syndrome , Bangstad syndrome , Familial partial lipodystrophy type 2 , Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome
Neurologic
Hyperglycemia , Severe Achondroplasia with Developmental Delay and Acanthosis Nigricans , Bangstad syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic
Obesity , Metabolic syndrome , Hyperglycemia , Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor disorders , Rabson-Mendenhall syndrome , Bangstad syndrome
Obstetric/Gynecologic
Ovarian cancer , Ovarian cyst , Uterine cancer , Breast cancer , Hyperandrogenism , Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Oncologic
Breast cancer , Lung cancer , Prostate cancer , Melanoma , Colon cancer , Liver cancer , Stomach cancer , Ovarian cancer , Uterine cancer
Opthalmologic
No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity
No underlying causes
Psychiatric
No underlying causes
Pulmonary
Lung cancer
Renal / Electrolyte
Addison's disease , Cushing's disease , Hyperglycemia , Hyperandrogenism
Rheum / Immune / Allergy
No underlying causes
Sexual
No underlying causes
Trauma
No underlying causes
Urologic
Prostate cancer
Miscellaneous
No underlying causes
Causes in Alphabetical Order
Signs and Tests Physicians can usually diagnose acanthosis nigricans by simply looking at a patient's skin. A skin biopsy may be needed in unusual cases. If no clear cause of acanthosis nigricans is obvious, it may be necessary to search for one. Blood tests, an endoscopy , or x-rays may be required to eliminate the possibility of diabetes or cancer as the cause.
Physical Examination Skin Acanthosis nigricans[ 2]
Treatment People with acanthosis nigricans should be screened for diabetes and, although rare, cancer . Controlling blood glucose levels through exercise and diet often improves symptoms.
Prognosis Acanthosis nigricans often fades if the underlying cause can be determined and treated appropriately.
References Related links
Template:Paraneoplastic syndromes
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nl:Acanthosis nigricans
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