Swimmer's itch overview: Difference between revisions
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==Overview== | ==Overview== | ||
'''Swimmer’s itch''' is a short-term, immune reaction occurring in the [[skin]] of humans that have been infected by water-borne [[trematode]] [[parasites]]. Symptoms, which include itchy, raised [[papules]], commonly occur within hours of infection and do not generally last more than a week. | '''Swimmer’s itch''' is a short-term, immune reaction occurring in the [[skin]] of humans that have been infected by water-borne [[trematode]] [[parasites]]. Symptoms, which include itchy, raised [[papules]], commonly occur within hours of infection and do not generally last more than a week. | ||
==Historical Perspective== | |||
Since it was first described in Michigan in 1928{{ref|Cort}}, swimmer's itch has been reported from around the world. Some suggest [[Incidence (epidemiology)| incidence]] may be on the rise{{ref|Hjorngaard}}, although this may also be attributed to better monitoring. | |||
==Causes== | |||
The [[genus| genera]] most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are ''Trichobilharzia'' and ''Gigantobilharzia''. Trematodes in these groups normally complete their life cycles in birds. However, swimmer’s itch can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as ''Schistosomatium douthitti'', which infects snails and rodents. Other [[taxon | taxa]] reported to cause the reaction include ''Bilharziella polonica'' and ''Schistosoma bovis''. | |||
==Diagnosis== | |||
===History and Symptoms=== | |||
The trematodes that cause swimmer’s itch are parasitic [[Schistosomatidae | schistosomes]] that use both snails and vertebrates as hosts in their life cycles. Most cases are caused by parasites that use waterfowl as the vertebrate host. These avian schistosomes cannot complete their [[parasitic life cycles | life cycles]] in mammals, but can [[parasitic life cycles | accidentally infect]] humans, giving rise to mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules that are more intensely itchy. The papules are caused by localized inflammatory [[immune]] reactions, each corresponding to the penetration site of a single parasite, which dies in the skin within hours. | |||
==Treatment== | |||
===Medical Therapy=== | |||
Orally adiministered [[hydroxyzine]], an [[antihistamine]], is sometimes prescribed to treat swimmer's itch and similar dermal allergic reactions. | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist|2}} | {{reflist|2}} | ||
Revision as of 16:32, 8 February 2013
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
Swimmer’s itch is a short-term, immune reaction occurring in the skin of humans that have been infected by water-borne trematode parasites. Symptoms, which include itchy, raised papules, commonly occur within hours of infection and do not generally last more than a week.
Historical Perspective
Since it was first described in Michigan in 1928[2], swimmer's itch has been reported from around the world. Some suggest incidence may be on the rise[3], although this may also be attributed to better monitoring.
Causes
The genera most commonly associated with swimmer’s itch in humans are Trichobilharzia and Gigantobilharzia. Trematodes in these groups normally complete their life cycles in birds. However, swimmer’s itch can also be caused by schistosome parasites of non-avian vertebrates, such as Schistosomatium douthitti, which infects snails and rodents. Other taxa reported to cause the reaction include Bilharziella polonica and Schistosoma bovis.
Diagnosis
History and Symptoms
The trematodes that cause swimmer’s itch are parasitic schistosomes that use both snails and vertebrates as hosts in their life cycles. Most cases are caused by parasites that use waterfowl as the vertebrate host. These avian schistosomes cannot complete their life cycles in mammals, but can accidentally infect humans, giving rise to mildly itchy spots on the skin. Within hours, these spots become raised papules that are more intensely itchy. The papules are caused by localized inflammatory immune reactions, each corresponding to the penetration site of a single parasite, which dies in the skin within hours.
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Orally adiministered hydroxyzine, an antihistamine, is sometimes prescribed to treat swimmer's itch and similar dermal allergic reactions.