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==Symptoms==
==Symptoms==
No specific set of criteria has been developed for [[diagnosis]] of [[pacemaker]] [[syndrome]]. Most of the signs and [[symptoms]] of pacemaker syndrome are nonspecific, and many are prevalent in the elderly population at baseline. In the lab, pacemaker interrogation plays a crucial role in determining if the pacemaker mode had any contribution to symptoms.<ref name="pmid6184693">{{cite journal |author=Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Vlietstra RE, Osborn MJ, [[Duane Ilstrup|Ilstrup DM]], Holmes DR |title=Hemodynamic and symptomatic consequences of ventricular pacing |journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol|volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=903–10 |year=1982 |month=November |pmid=6184693 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2316455">{{cite journal |author=Santini M, Alexidou G, Ansalone G, Cacciatore G, Cini R, Turitto G |title=Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing|journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=729–35 |year=1990 |month=March |pmid=2316455|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-9149(90)91379-K |doi=10.1016/0002-9149(90)91379-K |format= }} {{dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref>
No specific set of criteria has been developed for [[diagnosis]] of [[pacemaker]] [[syndrome]]. Most of the signs and [[symptoms]] of pacemaker syndrome are nonspecific, and many are prevalent in the elderly population.<ref name="pmid6184693">{{cite journal |author=Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Vlietstra RE, Osborn MJ, [[Duane Ilstrup|Ilstrup DM]], Holmes DR |title=Hemodynamic and symptomatic consequences of ventricular pacing |journal=Pacing Clin Electrophysiol|volume=5 |issue=6 |pages=903–10 |year=1982 |month=November |pmid=6184693 }}</ref><ref name="pmid2316455">{{cite journal |author=Santini M, Alexidou G, Ansalone G, Cacciatore G, Cini R, Turitto G |title=Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing|journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=65 |issue=11 |pages=729–35 |year=1990 |month=March |pmid=2316455|url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0002-9149(90)91379-K |doi=10.1016/0002-9149(90)91379-K |format= }} {{dead link|date=May 2010}}</ref>


Symptoms commonly documented in patients history, include:<ref name="pmid12555483">{{cite journal |author=Chalvidan T, Deharo JC, Djiane P |title=[Pacemaker syndromes] |language=French |journal=Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=224–9 |year=2000 |month=July|pmid=12555483 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6184693"/><ref name="pmid1413181">{{cite journal |author=Petersen HH, Videbaek J|title=[The pacemaker syndrome] |language=Danish |journal=Ugeskr. Laeg. |volume=154 |issue=38 |pages=2547–51 |year=1992 |month=September |pmid=1413181}}</ref><ref name="pmid677029">{{cite journal |author=Alicandri C, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, Castle L, Morant V |title=Three cases of hypotension and syncope with ventricular pacing: possible role of atrial reflexes |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=137–42 |year=1978 |month=July |pmid=677029|doi=10.1016/0002-9149(78)90998-0 }}</ref>
Common symptoms documented in patients' history, include:<ref name="pmid12555483">{{cite journal |author=Chalvidan T, Deharo JC, Djiane P |title=[Pacemaker syndromes] |language=French |journal=Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=224–9 |year=2000 |month=July|pmid=12555483 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid6184693"/><ref name="pmid1413181">{{cite journal |author=Petersen HH, Videbaek J|title=[The pacemaker syndrome] |language=Danish |journal=Ugeskr. Laeg. |volume=154 |issue=38 |pages=2547–51 |year=1992 |month=September |pmid=1413181}}</ref><ref name="pmid677029">{{cite journal |author=Alicandri C, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, Castle L, Morant V |title=Three cases of hypotension and syncope with ventricular pacing: possible role of atrial reflexes |journal=Am. J. Cardiol. |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=137–42 |year=1978 |month=July |pmid=677029|doi=10.1016/0002-9149(78)90998-0 }}</ref>


*[[Neurological]] - [[Dizziness]], near [[Syncope (medicine)|syncope]],[[seizure]], [[mental status]] change and [[confusion]].
* [[Neurological]]: [[Dizziness]], near [[Syncope (medicine)|syncope]],[[seizure]], [[mental status]] change, [[headache]] and [[confusion]].
*[[Heart failure]] - [[Dyspnea]], [[orthopnea]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]], and [[edema]].
* Cardiovascular:
*Low [[cardiac output]] - [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]], [[weakness]], [[dyspnea on exertion]], [[lethargy]], and [[lightheadedness]].
** [[Heart failure]] - [[Orthopnea]], [[dyspnea]], [[paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea]] ([[PND]]), and [[edema]].
*[[Right upper quadrant]] (RUQ) pain
** Low [[cardiac output]] - [[Fatigue (medical)|Fatigue]], [[weakness]], [[dyspnea on exertion]], [[lethargy]], and [[lightheadedness]].
*[[Headache]]
** [[Heart rate]] related - [[Palpitations]] associated with [[arrhythmias]]
*[[Heart rate]] related - [[Palpitations]] associated with [[arrhythmias]]
 
* [[Right upper quadrant]] (RUQ) pain


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 19:50, 10 February 2013

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Symptoms

No specific set of criteria has been developed for diagnosis of pacemaker syndrome. Most of the signs and symptoms of pacemaker syndrome are nonspecific, and many are prevalent in the elderly population.[1][2]

Common symptoms documented in patients' history, include:[3][1][4][5]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nishimura RA, Gersh BJ, Vlietstra RE, Osborn MJ, Ilstrup DM, Holmes DR (1982). "Hemodynamic and symptomatic consequences of ventricular pacing". Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 5 (6): 903–10. PMID 6184693. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Santini M, Alexidou G, Ansalone G, Cacciatore G, Cini R, Turitto G (1990). "Relation of prognosis in sick sinus syndrome to age, conduction defects and modes of permanent cardiac pacing". Am. J. Cardiol. 65 (11): 729–35. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(90)91379-K. PMID 2316455. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help) [dead link]
  3. ↑ Chalvidan T, Deharo JC, Djiane P (2000). "[Pacemaker syndromes]". Ann Cardiol Angeiol (Paris) (in French). 49 (4): 224–9. PMID 12555483. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ Petersen HH, Videbaek J (1992). "[The pacemaker syndrome]". Ugeskr. Laeg. (in Danish). 154 (38): 2547–51. PMID 1413181. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Alicandri C, Fouad FM, Tarazi RC, Castle L, Morant V (1978). "Three cases of hypotension and syncope with ventricular pacing: possible role of atrial reflexes". Am. J. Cardiol. 42 (1): 137–42. doi:10.1016/0002-9149(78)90998-0. PMID 677029. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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