Autism risk factors: Difference between revisions
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==Risk Factors== | ==Risk Factors== | ||
Boys are at higher risk for autism than girls. The ASD sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with mental retardation and more than 5.5:1 without. Recent studies have found no association with socioeconomic status, and have reported inconsistent results about associations with race or ethnicity.<ref name=Newschaffer/> | |||
The risk of autism is associated with several prenatal and [[perinatal]] risk factors. A 2007 review of [[risk factors]] found associated parental characteristics that included advanced maternal age, advanced paternal age, and maternal place of birth outside Europe or North America, and also found associated [[obstetric]] conditions that included low [[birth weight]] and [[gestation]] duration, and [[Hypoxia (medical)|hypoxia]] during [[childbirth]].<ref name=Kolevzon>{{cite journal |author= Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A |title= Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism |journal= Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med |volume=161 |issue=4 |date=2007 |pages=326–33 |pmid=17404128 |url=http://archpedi.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/161/4/326 |doi= 10.1001/archpedi.161.4.326}}</ref> | |||
A large 2008 population study of Swedish parents of children with autism found that the parents were more likely to have been hospitalized for a mental disorder, that schizophrenia was more common among the mothers and fathers, and that depression and personality disorders were more common among the mothers.<ref>{{cite journal |journal=Pediatrics |date=2008 |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=e1357–62 |title= Parental psychiatric disorders associated with autism spectrum disorders in the offspring |author= Daniels JL, Forssen U, Hultman CM ''et al.'' |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2296 |pmid=18450879 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/121/5/e1357 |laysummary=http://uncnews.unc.edu/news/health-and-medicine/mental-disorders-in-parents-linked-to-autism-in-children.html |laydate=2008-05-05 |laysource= UNC News}}</ref> | |||
===Associated Conditions=== | ===Associated Conditions=== | ||
Autism is associated with several other conditions: | Autism is associated with several other conditions: | ||
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[[Category:Mature chapter]] | [[Category:Mature chapter]] | ||
[[Category:Disease]] | [[Category:Disease]] | ||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | [[Category:Psychiatry]] | ||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | [[Category:Pediatrics]] | ||
Revision as of 23:07, 10 February 2013
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Risk Factors
Boys are at higher risk for autism than girls. The ASD sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with mental retardation and more than 5.5:1 without. Recent studies have found no association with socioeconomic status, and have reported inconsistent results about associations with race or ethnicity.[1]
The risk of autism is associated with several prenatal and perinatal risk factors. A 2007 review of risk factors found associated parental characteristics that included advanced maternal age, advanced paternal age, and maternal place of birth outside Europe or North America, and also found associated obstetric conditions that included low birth weight and gestation duration, and hypoxia during childbirth.[2]
A large 2008 population study of Swedish parents of children with autism found that the parents were more likely to have been hospitalized for a mental disorder, that schizophrenia was more common among the mothers and fathers, and that depression and personality disorders were more common among the mothers.[3]
Associated Conditions
Autism is associated with several other conditions:
- Genetic disorders. About 10–15% of autism cases have an identifiable Mendelian (single-gene) condition, chromosome abnormality, or other genetic syndrome,[4] and ASD is associated with several genetic disorders.[5]
- Mental retardation. A 2001 British study of 26 autistic children found about 30% with intelligence in the normal range (IQ above 70), 50% with mild to moderate retardation, and about 20% with severe to profound retardation (IQ below 35). For ASD other than autism the association is much weaker: the same study reported about 94% of 65 children with PDD-NOS or Asperger's had normal intelligence.[6]
- Maleness. Boys are at higher risk for autism than girls. The ASD sex ratio averages 4.3:1 and is greatly modified by cognitive impairment: it may be close to 2:1 with mental retardation and more than 5.5:1 without.
- Epilepsy, with variations in risk of epilepsy due to age, cognitive level, and type of language disorder.[7]
- Several metabolic defects, such as phenylketonuria, are associated with autistic symptoms.[8]
References
- ↑ Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedNewschaffer - ↑ Kolevzon A, Gross R, Reichenberg A (2007). "Prenatal and perinatal risk factors for autism". Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 161 (4): 326–33. doi:10.1001/archpedi.161.4.326. PMID 17404128.
- ↑ Daniels JL, Forssen U, Hultman CM; et al. (2008). "Parental psychiatric disorders associated with autism spectrum disorders in the offspring". Pediatrics. 121 (5): e1357–62. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2296. PMID 18450879. Lay summary – UNC News (2008-05-05).
- ↑ Folstein SE, Rosen-Sheidley B (2001). "Genetics of autism: complex aetiology for a heterogeneous disorder". Nat Rev Genet. 2 (12): 943–55. doi:10.1038/35103559. PMID 11733747.
- ↑ Zafeiriou DI, Ververi A, Vargiami E (2007). "Childhood autism and associated comorbidities". Brain Dev. 29 (5): 257–72. doi:10.1016/j.braindev.2006.09.003. PMID 17084999.
- ↑ Chakrabarti S, Fombonne E (2001). "Pervasive developmental disorders in preschool children". JAMA. 285 (24): 3093–9. PMID 11427137.
- ↑ Levisohn PM (2007). "The autism-epilepsy connection". Epilepsia. 48 (Suppl 9): 33–5. PMID 18047599.
- ↑ Manzi B, Loizzo AL, Giana G, Curatolo P (2008). "Autism and metabolic diseases". J Child Neurol. 23 (3): 307–14. doi:10.1177/0883073807308698. PMID 18079313.