Sialolithiasis: Difference between revisions

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VisualWikitext

Revision as of 14:43, 19 February 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Salivary calculus

Overview

Historical Perspective

Classification

Pathophysiology

Causes

Differentiating Sialolithiasis from other Diseases

Epidemiology and Demographics

Risk Factors

Natural History, Complications and Prognosis

Diagnosis

Treatment

Case Studies

Case #1

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 {{SK}} Salivary calculus
-==Overview==
+==[[Sialolithiasis overview|Overview]]==
-'''Sialolithiasis''' refers to the formation of stones in the [[salivary glands]]. Stones are most commonly found in the [[submandibular gland]] and [[parotid gland]], where stones can obstruct [[Submandibular duct|Wharton's duct]] and Stenson's duct respectively. This calculus ([[sialolith]] - pronounced SIGH-al-low-lith) is a [[salivary gland]] stone consisting of layers of calcified organic matter - calcium phosphate and carbon, with traces of magnesium, chloride and ammonium. Sialoliths are not related to kidney stones.
-==Causes==
+==[[Sialolithiasis historical perspective|Historical Perspective]]==
-It is frequently associated with chronic infection (''[[Staphylococcus aureus]], [[Streptococcus viridans]]'') of the glands, dehydration ([[phenothiazine]]s), [[Sjögren's syndrome]] and/or increased local levels of calcium, but in many cases can arise [[idiopathic]]ally.
-==Epidemiology and Demography==
+==[[Sialolithiasis classification|Classification]]==
-The majority (perhaps 90%) form in the [[submandibular gland]] but the other glands can create them too.
+==[[Sialolithiasis pathophysiology|Pathophysiology]]==
+==[[Sialolithiasis causes|Causes]]==
+==[[Sialolithiasis differential diagnosis|Differentiating Sialolithiasis from other Diseases]]==
+==[[Sialolithiasis epidemiology and demographics|Epidemiology and Demographics]]==
+==[[Sialolithiasis risk factors|Risk Factors]]==
+==[[Sialolithiasis natural history, complications and prognosis|Natural History, Complications and Prognosis]]==
-==Natural History, Complications and Prognosis==
-Complications include persistent obstruction of the duct, leading to bacterial invasion, overgrowth and infection ([[sialoadenitis]]). This can require IV antibiotics such as [[nafcillin]], and sometimes surgical drainage.
 ==Diagnosis==
-===History and Symptoms===
+[[Sialolithiasis history and symptoms|History and Symptoms]] | [[Sialolithiasis physical examination|Physical Examination]] | [[Sialolithiasis laboratory findings|Laboratory Findings]] | [[Sialolithiasis x ray|X Ray]] | [[Sialolithiasis CT|CT]] | [[Sialolithiasis other imaging findings|Other Imaging Findings]] | [[Sialolithiasis other diagnostic studies|Other Diagnostic Studies]]
-The resulting blockage and inflammation ([[sialitis]]) causes immense pain on eating when [[saliva]] production increases and infection of the salivary gland may ensue. Pain may be further be intensified when eating sour or tart foods or candies.
-Other symptoms are dry mouth; bad taste in mouth; and local swelling.
+==Treatment==
-Pain, when present, usually originates from the floor of the mouth, although in many cases the stones cause only intermittent swelling.
+[[Sialolithiasis medical therapy|Medical Therapy]] | [[Sialolithiasis surgery|Surgery]] | [[Sialolithiasis primary prevention|Primary Prevention]] | [[Sialolithiasis secondary prevention|Secondary Prevention]] | [[Sialolithiasis cost-effectiveness of therapy|Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy]] | [[Sialolithiasis future or investigational therapies|Future or Investigational Therapies]]
-===Physical Examination===
-Since [[mastication|chewing]] promotes release of saliva, symptoms tend to increase during meals. A palpable lump or visible swelling in the area of the gland is often noted.
-===X Ray===
-Diagnosis is usually made by characteristic history and physical examination. Diagnosis can be confirmed by [[x-ray]] (80% of salivary gland calculi are visible on x-ray), or by [[sialogram]] or ultrasound.
-== Treatment ==
+== Case Studies ==
-===Medical Therapy===
+[[Sialolithiasis case study one|Case #1]]
-Some current treatment options are:
-* For small stones, hydration, moist heat, [[NSAID]]s occasionally, and having the patient take any food or beverage that is bitter and/or sour. Sucking on citrus fruits, such as a lemon or orange, may increase [[salivation]] and promote spontaneous expulsion of the stone.
-* [[Sialendoscopy]]
-* To prevent infection while the stone is lodged in the duct, sometimes antibiotics are used. In some cases when stones continually reoccur the offending salivary duct is removed.
-* [[Inflammation]] and [[infection]] are treated with [[prednisone]] and [[antibiotics]].  If the infection destroys the gland, it may have to be removed entirely.
-===Surgery===
-* Some stones may be massaged out by a specialist.
-* An [[Otolaryngology|ENT]] or [[Oral and maxillofacial surgeon|maxillofacial surgeon]] may [[canula]]te the duct to remove the stone (sialotomy).
-* A surgeon may make a small incision near the stone to remove it.
-==References==
-{{reflist|2}}
 [[Category:Medical emergencies]]
 [[Category:Emergency medicine]]

Sialolithiasis: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 14:43, 19 February 2013

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