Mental disorder causes: Difference between revisions
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*[[Agoraphobia]] | *[[Agoraphobia]] | ||
*[[Alcohol abuse]] | *[[Alcohol abuse]]<ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Alzheimer disease ]] | *[[Alzheimer disease ]] | ||
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*[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid23388067">{{cite journal |author=Brenne E, Loge JH, Kaasa S, Heitzer E, Knudsen AK, Wasteson E |title=Depressed patients with incurable cancer: Which depressive symptoms do they experience? |journal=Palliat Support Care |volume= |issue= |pages=1–11 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23388067 |doi=10.1017/S1478951512000909 |url=}}</ref> | *[[Cancer]]<ref name="pmid23388067">{{cite journal |author=Brenne E, Loge JH, Kaasa S, Heitzer E, Knudsen AK, Wasteson E |title=Depressed patients with incurable cancer: Which depressive symptoms do they experience? |journal=Palliat Support Care |volume= |issue= |pages=1–11 |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23388067 |doi=10.1017/S1478951512000909 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Cannabis]] use<ref name="pmid23408483">{{cite journal |author=Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MM |title=Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications |journal=Iran J Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=149–56 |year=2012 |pmid=23408483 |pmc=3570572 |doi= |url=}}</ref> | *[[Cannabis]] use<ref name="pmid23408483">{{cite journal |author=Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MM |title=Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications |journal=Iran J Psychiatry |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=149–56 |year=2012 |pmid=23408483 |pmc=3570572 |doi= |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Changing jobs or schools | *Changing jobs or schools | ||
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*Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome | *Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome | ||
*[[Cocaine use]] | *[[Cocaine use]]<ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Comorbid [[anxiety]] | *Comorbid [[anxiety]] | ||
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*[[Stress]]<ref name="pmid23426383">{{cite journal |author=Abush H, Akirav I |title=Cannabinoids ameliorate impairments induced by chronic stress to synaptic plasticity and short-term memory |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23426383 |doi=10.1038/npp.2013.51 |url=}}</ref> | *[[Stress]]<ref name="pmid23426383">{{cite journal |author=Abush H, Akirav I |title=Cannabinoids ameliorate impairments induced by chronic stress to synaptic plasticity and short-term memory |journal=Neuropsychopharmacology |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2013 |month=February |pmid=23426383 |doi=10.1038/npp.2013.51 |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Substance use disorder | *Substance use disorder<ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref> | ||
*Substance-induced psychotic disorder | *Substance-induced psychotic disorder<ref name="pmid23398220">{{cite journal |author=Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B |title=Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample |journal=Am J Addict |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=7–13 |year=2013 |month=January |pmid=23398220 |doi=10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x |url=}}</ref> | ||
*[[Suicide]] attempts | *[[Suicide]] attempts | ||
Revision as of 20:03, 22 February 2013
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Causes
Numerous factors have been linked to the development of mental disorders. In many cases there is no single accepted or consistent cause. A common view is that disorders often result from genetic vulnerabilities combining with environmental stressors (Diathesis-stress model). An eclectic or pluralistic mix of models may be used to explain particular disorders. The primary paradigm of contemporary mainstream Western psychiatry is said to be the biopsychosocial (BPS) model - incorporating biological, psychological and social factors - although this may not be applied in practice. Biopsychiatry has tended to follow a biomedical model, focusing on "organic" or "hardware" pathology of the brain. Psychoanalytic theories have been popular but are now less so. Evolutionary psychology may be used as an overall explanatory theory. Attachment theory is another kind of evolutionary-psychological approach sometimes applied in the context for mental disorders. A distinction is sometimes made between a "medical model" or a "social model" of disorder and related disability.
Genetic studies have indicated that genes often play an important role in the development of mental disorders, via developmental pathways interacting with environmental factors. The reliable identification of connections between specific genes and specific categories of disorder has proven more difficult.
Environmental events surrounding pregnancy and birth have also been implicated. Traumatic brain injury may increase the risk of developing certain mental disorders. There have been some tentative inconsistent links found to certain viral infections, to substance misuse, and to general physical health.
Abnormal functioning of neurotransmitter systems has been implicated, including serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine and glutamate systems. Differences have also been found in the size or activity of certain brains regions in some cases. Psychological mechanisms have also been implicated, such as cognitive and emotional processes, personality, temperament and coping style.
Social influences have been found to be important, including abuse, bullying and other negative or stressful life experiences. The specific risks and pathways to particular disorders are less clear, however. Aspects of the wider community have also been implicated, including employment problems, socioeconomic inequality, lack of social cohesion, problems linked to migration, and features of particular societies and cultures.
Causes in Alphabetical Order
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Lev-Ran S, Le Strat Y, Imtiaz S, Rehm J, Le Foll B (2013). "Gender Differences in Prevalence of Substance Use Disorders among Individuals with Lifetime Exposure to Substances: Results from a Large Representative Sample". Am J Addict. 22 (1): 7–13. doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00321.x. PMID 23398220. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Abush H, Akirav I (2013). "Cannabinoids ameliorate impairments induced by chronic stress to synaptic plasticity and short-term memory". Neuropsychopharmacology. doi:10.1038/npp.2013.51. PMID 23426383. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Perbellini L, Tisato S, Quintarelli E; et al. (2012). "[Mental disorders related to persistent negative working conditions]". Med Lav (in Italian). 103 (6): 437–48. PMID 23405478.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Barneveld PS, de Sonneville L, van Rijn S, van Engeland H, Swaab H (2013). "Impaired Response Inhibition in Autism Spectrum Disorders, a Marker of Vulnerability to Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders?". J Int Neuropsychol Soc: 1–10. doi:10.1017/S1355617713000167. PMID 23425682. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Brenne E, Loge JH, Kaasa S, Heitzer E, Knudsen AK, Wasteson E (2013). "Depressed patients with incurable cancer: Which depressive symptoms do they experience?". Palliat Support Care: 1–11. doi:10.1017/S1478951512000909. PMID 23388067. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MM (2012). "Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications". Iran J Psychiatry. 7 (4): 149–56. PMC 3570572. PMID 23408483.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Li J, Zhao G, Gao X (2013). "Development of neurodevelopmental disorders: a regulatory mechanism involving bromodomain-containing proteins". J Neurodev Disord. 5 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1866-1955-5-4. PMID 23425632. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Lazaratou H (2012). "[Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder or bipolar disorder in childhood?]". Psychiatrike (in Greek and Modern (1453-)). 23 (4): 304–13. PMID 23399752.
- ↑ Buysse DJ (2013). "Insomnia". JAMA. 309 (7): 706–16. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.193. PMID 23423416. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help)