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Some medications, [[antidepressants]] for example, can have anorexia as a side effect. Most notoriously, however, chemicals that are a member of the [[phenethylamine]] family are known to have more intense anorectic properties. For this reason, many individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa may seek to use these medications to suppress appetite. Such prescription medications include [[Ritalin]], [[Adderall]], [[Dexedrine]], and [[Desoxyn]]. In some cases, these medications are prescribed to patients prior to undergoing an operation requiring general anesthesia. This is a prophylactic measure taken to ensure no food will back up into the esophagus and cause the patient to stop breathing during the procedure. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
Some medications, [[antidepressants]] for example, can have anorexia as a side effect. Most notoriously, however, chemicals that are a member of the [[phenethylamine]] family are known to have more intense anorectic properties. For this reason, many individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa may seek to use these medications to suppress appetite. Such prescription medications include [[Ritalin]], [[Adderall]], [[Dexedrine]], and [[Desoxyn]]. In some cases, these medications are prescribed to patients prior to undergoing an operation requiring general anesthesia. This is a prophylactic measure taken to ensure no food will back up into the esophagus and cause the patient to stop breathing during the procedure. <ref>Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016</ref> <ref>Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X</ref>
===Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Anorexia (by organ system):===
{|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
|style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | • [[Congestive heart failure]] •[[Hypercalcemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Chemical / poisoning'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Chromotherapy]] • [[Retinoid]] • [[Theobromine]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Dermatologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Sporotrichosis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Drug Side Effect'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Aciclovir]] • [[Amphetamine ]] • [[Amphotericin B]] • [[Antidepressants]] •[[Benzodiazepine]] • [[Benzylpiperazine]] • [[Calcitriol]] • [[Chromotherapy]] • [[Cocaine]]•[[Dextromethamphetamine]] • [[Dextromethylphenidate]]• [[Diacetylmorphine]] • [[Enfuvirtide]] •[[Fluconazole]] • [[Gold salts]] • [[Hydralazine]] • [[Ketorolac]] • [[Leptoprin]] • [[Methylphenidate]] •[[Mirtazapine]] • [[Modafinil]] • [[Moxifloxacin]] • [[Pipradrol]] • [[Pyrazinamide]] • [[St John's wort]]• [[Stimulants]] • [[Theobromine]] • [[Valaciclovir]] • [[Ziconotide]]• [[Zopiclone]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Ear Nose Throat'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Mastoiditis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Endocrine'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Anorexia Nervosa]] • [[Binge eating]] • [[Bulimia nervosa]] • [[Carotenodermia]] •[[Diabetic neuropathy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Environmental'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Acute radiation syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Gastroenterologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]] • [[Anorexia nervosa]] • [[Appendicitis]] • [[Binge eating]] • [[Colorectal cancer]] • [[Crohn's Disease]] • [[Defensive vomiting]] • [[Hepatitis]] •[[Hepatitis E]] • [[Hymenolepiasis]] • [[Hypervitaminosis D]] • [[Lábrea fever]] • [[Milk-alkali syndrome]] • [[Superior mesenteric artery syndrome]] • [[Ulcerative colitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Genetic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]] • [[Crohn's Disease]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Hematologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Iatrogenic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Infectious Disease'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]] • [[AIDS]] • [[Astroviridae]] • [[Chagas disease]] • [[Community-acquired pneumonia]] • [[Cryptosporidium parvum]] • [[Encephalitis]] •[[Hepatitis]] • [[Hepatitis E]] • [[Mumps]] • [[Oropouche fever]] • [[Pneumonia]] • [[Pott's disease]] •[[Relapsing fever]] • [[Rhinovirus]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Mastoiditis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Neurologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]] • [[Craniopharyngioma]] • [[Dementia]] • [[Encephalitis]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Acute fatty liver of pregnancy]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Oncologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Chromotherapy]] • [[Colorectal cancer]] • [[Craniopharyngioma]]• [[Non-Hodgkin lymphoma]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Opthalmologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Acute radiation syndrome]] • [[Chromotherapy]] • [[Cocaine]] • [[Gold salts]] •[[Hypervitaminosis D]] • [[Vitamin A]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Psychiatric'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|• [[Anorexia nervosa]] • [[Binge eating]] • [[Borderline personality disorder]] •[[Bulimia nervosa]] • [[Clinical depression]] • [[Defensive vomiting]] • [[Dementia]] • [[Depression]] •[[Hangover]] • [[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]] • [[Opioid dependency]] • [[Orthorexia nervosa]] •[[Panic disorder]]
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Pulmonary'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold)]] • [[Atypical pneumonia]] •[[Community-acquired pneumonia]] • [[Pneumonia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Chronic renal failure]] • [[Diabetic neuropathy]]• [[Hangover]] • [[Hypercalcemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Chronic fatigue syndrome]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Sexual'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[AIDS]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Trauma'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Urologic'''
|bgcolor="Beige"|• [[Chronic renal failure]] • [[Diabetic neuropathy]] • [[Hypercalcemia]]
|-
|-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
| '''Miscellaneous'''
|bgcolor="Beige"| • [[Chronic mountain sickness]] • High altitude
|-
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 16:18, 14 March 2013

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

It is clear that there is no single cause for anorexia and that it stems from a mixture of social, psychological and biological factors. Current research is commonly focused on explaining existing factors and uncovering new causes. However, there is considerable debate over how much each of the known causes contributes to the development of anorexia. In particular, the contribution of perceived media pressure on women to be thin has been especially contentious.[1]

Causes

  • The exact causes of anorexia nervosa are unknown.
  • Many factors probably are involved. Genes and hormones may play a role. Social attitudes promoting very thin body types may also be involved.
  • Family conflicts are no longer thought to contribute to this or other eating disorders.
  • Anorexia usually begins during the teen years or young adulthood. It is more common in females, but may also be seen in males. The disorder is seen mainly in white women who are high academic achievers and who have a goal-oriented family or personality.

Common causes

The most common form of anorexia is simply satiation following the consumption of food. This happens in all normal humans and is called postprandial anorexia. Disorders that cause (harmful) anorexia include anorexia nervosa, severe depression, cancer, dementia, AIDS, and chronic renal failure and the use of certain drugs, particularly stimulants and narcotics. Environmentally induced disorders such as altitude sickness can also trigger an acute form of anorexia. Anorexia may also be seen in congestive heart failure, perhaps due to congestion of the liver with venous blood.

Although the presenting symptom (the one which prompts a patient to seek medical attention) in acute appendicitis is abdominal pain, patients virtually always experience anorexia as well, possibly accompanied by an early episode of vomiting.

Some medications, antidepressants for example, can have anorexia as a side effect. Most notoriously, however, chemicals that are a member of the phenethylamine family are known to have more intense anorectic properties. For this reason, many individuals suffering from anorexia nervosa may seek to use these medications to suppress appetite. Such prescription medications include Ritalin, Adderall, Dexedrine, and Desoxyn. In some cases, these medications are prescribed to patients prior to undergoing an operation requiring general anesthesia. This is a prophylactic measure taken to ensure no food will back up into the esophagus and cause the patient to stop breathing during the procedure. [2] [3]

Complete Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Anorexia (by organ system):

Cardiovascular • Congestive heart failure •Hypercalcemia
Chemical / poisoning • Chromotherapy • Retinoid • Theobromine
Dermatologic • Sporotrichosis
Drug Side Effect • Aciclovir • Amphetamine • Amphotericin B • Antidepressants •Benzodiazepine • Benzylpiperazine • Calcitriol • Chromotherapy • Cocaine•Dextromethamphetamine • Dextromethylphenidate• Diacetylmorphine • Enfuvirtide •Fluconazole • Gold salts • Hydralazine • Ketorolac • Leptoprin • Methylphenidate •Mirtazapine • Modafinil • Moxifloxacin • Pipradrol • Pyrazinamide • St John's wort• Stimulants • Theobromine • Valaciclovir • Ziconotide• Zopiclone
Ear Nose Throat • Mastoiditis
Endocrine • Anorexia Nervosa • Binge eating • Bulimia nervosa • Carotenodermia •Diabetic neuropathy
Environmental • Acute radiation syndrome
Gastroenterologic • Acute fatty liver of pregnancy • Anorexia nervosa • Appendicitis • Binge eating • Colorectal cancer • Crohn's Disease • Defensive vomiting • Hepatitis •Hepatitis E • Hymenolepiasis • Hypervitaminosis D • Lábrea fever • Milk-alkali syndrome • Superior mesenteric artery syndrome • Ulcerative colitis
Genetic • Acute fatty liver of pregnancy • Crohn's Disease
Hematologic • Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease • Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold) • AIDS • Astroviridae • Chagas disease • Community-acquired pneumonia • Cryptosporidium parvum • Encephalitis •Hepatitis • Hepatitis E • Mumps • Oropouche fever • Pneumonia • Pott's disease •Relapsing fever • Rhinovirus
Musculoskeletal / Ortho • Mastoiditis
Neurologic • Chronic fatigue syndrome • Craniopharyngioma • Dementia • Encephalitis
Nutritional / Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic • Acute fatty liver of pregnancy
Oncologic • Chromotherapy • Colorectal cancer • Craniopharyngioma• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Opthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity • Acute radiation syndrome • Chromotherapy • Cocaine • Gold salts •Hypervitaminosis D • Vitamin A
Psychiatric • Anorexia nervosa • Binge eating • Borderline personality disorder •Bulimia nervosa • Clinical depression • Defensive vomiting • Dementia • Depression •Hangover • Obsessive-compulsive disorder • Opioid dependency • Orthorexia nervosa •Panic disorder
Pulmonary • Acute viral nasopharyngitis (common cold) • Atypical pneumonia •Community-acquired pneumonia • Pneumonia
Renal / Electrolyte • Chronic renal failure • Diabetic neuropathy• Hangover • Hypercalcemia
Rheum / Immune / Allergy • Chronic fatigue syndrome
Sexual • AIDS
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic • Chronic renal failure • Diabetic neuropathy • Hypercalcemia
Miscellaneous • Chronic mountain sickness • High altitude

References

  1. ↑ Tiggemann M and Pickering AS. (1996) Role of television in adolescent women's body dissatisfaction and drive for thinness Int J Eat Disord, Sep;20(2):199-203.
  2. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  3. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X

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