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==Overview==
==Overview==
'''Anxiety''' is a '''physiological''' state characterized by [[cognitive]], [[somatic]], [[emotion]]al, and [[behavior]]al components.  These components combine to create the feelings that we typically recognize as [[fear]], apprehension, or worry. Anxiety is often accompanied by physical sensations such as [[heart palpitations]], [[nausea]], [[chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], or [[tension headache|headache]].
'''Anxiety''' is a '''physiological''' state characterized by [[cognitive]], [[somatic]], [[emotion]]al, and [[behavior]]al components.  These components combine to create the feelings that we typically recognize as [[fear]], apprehension, or worry. Anxiety is often accompanied by physical sensations such as [[heart palpitations]], [[nausea]], [[chest pain]], [[shortness of breath]], or [[tension headache|headache]].
==Historical Perspective==
[[Sigmund Freud]] recognized anxiety as a "signal of danger" and a cause of "defensive behavior". He believed we acquire anxious feelings through classical conditioning and traumatic experiences.
We maintain anxiety through operant conditioning; when we see or encounter something associated with a previous traumatic experience, anxious feelings resurface. We feel temporarily relieved when we avoid situations which make us anxious, but this only increases anxious feelings the next time we are in the same position, and we will want to escape the situation again and therefore will not make any progress against the anxiety.
==Diagnosis==
===Physical Examination===


The cognitive component entails expectation of a diffuse and uncertain danger. Somatically the body prepares the organism to deal with threat (known as an emergency reaction): [[blood pressure]] and [[heart rate]] are increased, sweating is increased, bloodflow to the major muscle groups is increased, and [[immune system|immune]] and [[Digestion|digestive]] system functions are inhibited. Externally, somatic signs of anxiety may include pale skin, sweating, trembling, and [[mydriasis|pupillary dilation]]. Emotionally, anxiety causes a sense of dread or panic and physically causes nausea, and chills. Behaviorally, both voluntary and involuntary behaviors may arise directed at escaping or avoiding the source of anxiety and often maladaptive, being most extreme in [[anxiety disorder]]s. However, anxiety is not always pathological or maladaptive: it is a common emotion along with fear, anger, sadness, and happiness, and it has a very important function in relation to survival.  
Physical exam important to rule out organic medical diseases.


Neural circuitry involving the [[amygdala]] and [[hippocampus]] is thought to underlie anxiety. When confronted with unpleasant and potentially harmful stimuli such as foul odors or tastes, [[Positron emission tomography|PET-scans]] show increased bloodflow in the amygdala . In these studies, the participants also reported moderate anxiety. This might indicate that anxiety is a protective mechanism designed to prevent the organism from engaging in potentially harmful behaviors.


==References==
==References==
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Revision as of 18:43, 18 March 2013

Anxiety Microchapters

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Anxiety is a physiological state characterized by cognitive, somatic, emotional, and behavioral components. These components combine to create the feelings that we typically recognize as fear, apprehension, or worry. Anxiety is often accompanied by physical sensations such as heart palpitations, nausea, chest pain, shortness of breath, or headache.

Historical Perspective

Sigmund Freud recognized anxiety as a "signal of danger" and a cause of "defensive behavior". He believed we acquire anxious feelings through classical conditioning and traumatic experiences.

We maintain anxiety through operant conditioning; when we see or encounter something associated with a previous traumatic experience, anxious feelings resurface. We feel temporarily relieved when we avoid situations which make us anxious, but this only increases anxious feelings the next time we are in the same position, and we will want to escape the situation again and therefore will not make any progress against the anxiety.

Diagnosis

Physical Examination

Physical exam important to rule out organic medical diseases.


References

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