Template:Flatulence: Difference between revisions
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==Pathophysiology== | _NOTOC_ | ||
[[Flatulence]] | |||
{{CMG}} | |||
== Pathophysiology == | |||
Flatus is expelled under pressure through the [[anus]], whereby, as a result of the voluntary or involuntary tensing of the [[anal sphincter]], the rapid evacuation of [[gases]] from the lower [[intestine]] occurs. Depending upon the relative state of the [[sphincter]] (relaxed/tense) and the positions of the [[buttock]]s, this often results in an audible crackling or trumpeting sound, but gas can also be passed quietly. The olfactory components of flatulence include [[skatole]], [[indole]], and [[sulfur]]ous compounds.<ref>{{cite web | |||
|url=http://www.patient.co.uk/showdoc/40000086/ | |||
|title=Flatulence, wind and bloating | |||
|publisher=Patient UK | |||
|accessdate=2006-12-11 | |||
}}</ref> The non-odorous gases are mainly [[nitrogen]] (ingested), [[carbon dioxide]] (produced by [[aerobic organism|aerobic microbes]] or ingested), and [[hydrogen]](produced by some microbes and consumed by others), as well as lesser amounts of [[oxygen]] (ingested) and [[methane]] (produced by [[anaerobic organism|anaerobic microbe]]s).<ref>{{cite journal| author=Suarez F| coauthors=Furne J, Springfield J, Levitt M| title=Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition| journal=Am J Physiol| year=1997| volume=272 (5 Pt 1)| pages=G1028–33}}</ref> Odors result from trace amounts of other components (often containing [[sulfur]]compounds, see below). | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
[[Category:primary care]] | |||
[[Category:Geriatrics]] | |||
[[Category:Psychiatry]] | |||
[[Category:Pediatrics]] | |||
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==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare and usually severe adverse reaction to certain drugs. History of medication use exists in over 95% of patients with TEN. The drugs most often implicated in TEN are antibiotics such as sulfonamides, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[allopurinol]], [[antiretroviral drugs]], [[corticosteroids]] and[[anticonvulsant]]s such as [[phenobarbital]], [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]], and [[valproic acid]]. The condition might also result from immunizations, infection with agents such as ''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]'' or [[herpes virus]] and [[Organ transplant|transplant]]s of [[bone marrow]] or organs. | Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare and usually severe adverse reaction to certain drugs. History of medication use exists in over 95% of patients with TEN. The drugs most often implicated in TEN are antibiotics such as sulfonamides, [[nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]], [[allopurinol]], [[antiretroviral drugs]], [[corticosteroids]] and[[anticonvulsant]]s such as [[phenobarbital]], [[phenytoin]], [[carbamazepine]], and [[valproic acid]]. The condition might also result from immunizations, infection with agents such as ''[[Mycoplasma pneumoniae]]'' or [[herpes virus]] and [[Organ transplant|transplant]]s of [[bone marrow]] or organs. | ||
Revision as of 00:37, 3 April 2013
Template:Flatuelnce Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
_NOTOC_ Flatuelnce
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
_NOTOC_ Flatulence
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [3]
Overview
Flatulence is the presence of a mixture of gases known as flatus in the digestive tract of mammals expelled from the rectum. It is more commonly known as 'farting', 'passing gas', or 'passing wind' (UK).
References
_NOTOC_ Flatulence
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [4]
Pathophysiology
Flatus is expelled under pressure through the anus, whereby, as a result of the voluntary or involuntary tensing of the anal sphincter, the rapid evacuation of gases from the lower intestine occurs. Depending upon the relative state of the sphincter (relaxed/tense) and the positions of the buttocks, this often results in an audible crackling or trumpeting sound, but gas can also be passed quietly. The olfactory components of flatulence include skatole, indole, and sulfurous compounds.[1] The non-odorous gases are mainly nitrogen (ingested), carbon dioxide (produced by aerobic microbes or ingested), and hydrogen(produced by some microbes and consumed by others), as well as lesser amounts of oxygen (ingested) and methane (produced by anaerobic microbes).[2] Odors result from trace amounts of other components (often containing sulfurcompounds, see below).
References
- ↑ "Flatulence, wind and bloating". Patient UK. Retrieved 2006-12-11.
- ↑ Suarez F (1997). "Insights into human colonic physiology obtained from the study of flatus composition". Am J Physiol. 272 (5 Pt 1): G1028–33. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help)
Causes
Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a rare and usually severe adverse reaction to certain drugs. History of medication use exists in over 95% of patients with TEN. The drugs most often implicated in TEN are antibiotics such as sulfonamides, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, allopurinol, antiretroviral drugs, corticosteroids andanticonvulsants such as phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid. The condition might also result from immunizations, infection with agents such as Mycoplasma pneumoniae or herpes virus and transplants of bone marrow or organs.
Epidemiology and Demographics
The incidence is between 0.4 and 1.2 cases per 100,000 each year.
Natural History, Complications and Prognosis
The mortality for toxic epidermal necrolysis is 30-40%.[1] Loss of the skin leaves patients vulnerable to infections from fungi and bacteria, and can result in septicemia, the leading cause of death in the disease.[1] Death is caused either by infection or by respiratory distress which is either due to pneumonia or damage to the linings of the airway. Microscopic analysis of tissue (especially the degree of dermal mononuclear inflammation and the degree of inflammation in general) can play a role in determining the prognosis of individual cases.[2]
Diagnosis
Laboratory Findings
Sometimes, however, examination of affected tissue under the microscope may be needed to distinguish it between other entities such as staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. Typical histological criteria of TEN include mild infiltrate of lymphocytes which may obscure the dermoepidermal junction and prominent cell death with basal vacuolar change and individual cell necrosis.[3]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Garra, GP (2007). "Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis". Emedicine.com. Retrieved on December 13, 2007.
- ↑ Quinn AM; et al. (2005). "Uncovering histological criteria with prognostic significance in toxic epidermal necrolysis". Arch Dermatol. 141 (6): 683–7. PMID 15967913.
- ↑ Pereira FA, Mudgil AV, Rosmarin DM (2007). "flatuelnce". J Am Acad Dermatol. 56 (2): 181–200. PMID 17224365.