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| __NOTOC__
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| {{Myopia}}
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| {{CMG}} {{AE}} {{SME}}
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| ==Causes==
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| Because in the most common, "simple" myopia, the eye length is too long, any [[etiologic]] explanation must account for such axial elongation. To date, no single [[theory] ]has been able to satisfactorily explain this elongation.
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| *In the early [[1900s]], [[William Bates]] controversially asserted that myopia, as with all refractive errors, resulted from a particular type of "eyestrain" that was itself a result of "mental strain".<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch10.html "Chapter X: Strain."]</ref> He stated that the shape of the eyeball responded instantaneously to the action of the [[extraocular muscles]] upon it<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch7.html "Chapter VII: The Variability of the Refraction of the Eye."]</ref> and that myopia was produced due to contraction of the [[inferior oblique muscle|inferior oblique]] and [[superior oblique muscle]]s which lengthened the eye.<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch4.html Chapter IV : The Truth about Accommodation as Demonstrated by Experiments on the Eye Muscles of Fish, Cats, Dogs, Rabbits and Other Animals."]</ref> According to Bates, myopia was associated with a "strain" to see distance objects rather than near work.<ref>[http://www.iblindness.org/books/bates/ch1.html "Chapter I: Introductory."]</ref> Bates theories were rejected by mainstream ophthalmologists of his time and remain so today. <ref name="Bradley">{{cite news
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| | author=Robyn E. Bradley
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| | title=ADVOCATES SEE ONLY BENEFITS FROM EYE EXERCISES
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| | publisher=The Boston Globe (MA)
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| |date=September 23, 2003
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| | url=http://visioneducators.com/articles/advocates_see_only_benefits_from_eye_exercises.pdf }}</ref><ref name="Rawstron">{{cite journal
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| | author=Rawstron JA, Burley CD, Elder MJ
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| | journal=J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
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| | year=2005
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| | volume=42
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| | issue=2
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| | pages=82-8
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| | title=A systematic review of the applicability and efficacy of eye exercises.
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| | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=15825744&query_hl=13&itool=pubmed_DocSum}}</ref>
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| *In the mid-1900s, mainstream ophthalmologists and optometrists believed myopia to be primarily hereditary; the influence of near work in its development seemed "incidental" and the increased prevalence of the condition with increasing age was viewed as a "statistical curiosity".<ref name="Borish"/><ref name="Duke-Elder"/><ref name="Mutti">Mutti D. [http://www.revoptom.com/index.asp?ArticleType=SiteSpec&page=osc/apr01/lesson_0401.htm "Can We Conquer Myopia?"] ''Review of Optomery.'' Optometric Study Center: April, 2001.</ref>
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| *Among mainstream researchers and [[eye care professional]]s, myopia is now thought to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.<ref name="AOA"/><ref name="Morgan 1"/>
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist|2}}
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| [[Category:Ophthalmology]]
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| [[Category:Optometry]]
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