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===Common Causes===
===Common Causes===
* [[Acute lung injury]]<ref name="Donnelly-1995">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Donnelly | first1 = SC. | last2 = MacGregor | first2 = I. | last3 = Zamani | first3 = A. | last4 = Gordon | first4 = MW. | last5 = Robertson | first5 = CE. | last6 = Steedman | first6 = DJ. | last7 = Little | first7 = K. | last8 = Haslett | first8 = C. | title = Plasma elastase levels and the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. | journal = Am J Respir Crit Care Med | volume = 151 | issue = 5 | pages = 1428-33 | month = May | year = 1995 | doi = 10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735596 | PMID = 7735596 }}</ref>
* [[Acute lung injury]]<ref name="Donnelly-1995">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Donnelly | first1 = SC. | last2 = MacGregor | first2 = I. | last3 = Zamani | first3 = A. | last4 = Gordon | first4 = MW. | last5 = Robertson | first5 = CE. | last6 = Steedman | first6 = DJ. | last7 = Little | first7 = K. | last8 = Haslett | first8 = C. | title = Plasma elastase levels and the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. | journal = Am J Respir Crit Care Med | volume = 151 | issue = 5 | pages = 1428-33 | month = May | year = 1995 | doi = 10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735596 | PMID = 7735596 }}</ref>
* [[Ischemia-reperfusion Injury]]<ref name="Hughes-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hughes | first1 = SF. | last2 = Cotter | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Evans | first3 = SA. | last4 = Jones | first4 = KP. | last5 = Adams | first5 = RA. | title = Role of leucocytes in damage to the vascular endothelium during ischaemia-reperfusion injury. | journal = Br J Biomed Sci | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 166-70 | month =  | year = 2006 | doi =  | PMID = 17201205 }}</ref>
* [[Ischemia]]-[[reperfusion Injury]]<ref name="Hughes-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hughes | first1 = SF. | last2 = Cotter | first2 = MJ. | last3 = Evans | first3 = SA. | last4 = Jones | first4 = KP. | last5 = Adams | first5 = RA. | title = Role of leucocytes in damage to the vascular endothelium during ischaemia-reperfusion injury. | journal = Br J Biomed Sci | volume = 63 | issue = 4 | pages = 166-70 | month =  | year = 2006 | doi =  | PMID = 17201205 }}</ref>
* Neutrophilic asthma<ref name="Baines-2011">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Baines | first1 = KJ. | last2 = Simpson | first2 = JL. | last3 = Wood | first3 = LG. | last4 = Scott | first4 = RJ. | last5 = Gibson | first5 = PG. | title = Systemic upregulation of neutrophil α-defensins and serine proteases in neutrophilic asthma. | journal = Thorax | volume = 66 | issue = 11 | pages = 942-7 | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1136/thx.2010.157719 | PMID = 21785157 }}</ref>
* Neutrophilic [[asthma]]<ref name="Baines-2011">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Baines | first1 = KJ. | last2 = Simpson | first2 = JL. | last3 = Wood | first3 = LG. | last4 = Scott | first4 = RJ. | last5 = Gibson | first5 = PG. | title = Systemic upregulation of neutrophil α-defensins and serine proteases in neutrophilic asthma. | journal = Thorax | volume = 66 | issue = 11 | pages = 942-7 | month = Nov | year = 2011 | doi = 10.1136/thx.2010.157719 | PMID = 21785157 }}</ref>
* Exercise<ref name="Hu-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hu | first1 = H. | last2 = Johansson | first2 = BL. | last3 = Hjemdahl | first3 = P. | last4 = Li | first4 = N. | title = Exercise-induced platelet and leucocyte activation is not enhanced in well-controlled Type 1 diabetes, despite increased activity at rest. | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 853-9 | month = May | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-004-1378-7 | PMID = 15095037 }}</ref><ref name="Li-2007">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Li | first1 = N. | last2 = He | first2 = S. | last3 = Blombäck | first3 = M. | last4 = Hjemdahl | first4 = P. | title = Platelet activity, coagulation, and fibrinolysis during exercise in healthy males: effects of thrombin inhibition by argatroban and enoxaparin. | journal = Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 407-13 | month = Feb | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1161/01.ATV.0000253906.19648.ac | PMID = 17138937 }}</ref>
* Exercise<ref name="Hu-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hu | first1 = H. | last2 = Johansson | first2 = BL. | last3 = Hjemdahl | first3 = P. | last4 = Li | first4 = N. | title = Exercise-induced platelet and leucocyte activation is not enhanced in well-controlled Type 1 diabetes, despite increased activity at rest. | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 853-9 | month = May | year = 2004 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-004-1378-7 | PMID = 15095037 }}</ref><ref name="Li-2007">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Li | first1 = N. | last2 = He | first2 = S. | last3 = Blombäck | first3 = M. | last4 = Hjemdahl | first4 = P. | title = Platelet activity, coagulation, and fibrinolysis during exercise in healthy males: effects of thrombin inhibition by argatroban and enoxaparin. | journal = Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | volume = 27 | issue = 2 | pages = 407-13 | month = Feb | year = 2007 | doi = 10.1161/01.ATV.0000253906.19648.ac | PMID = 17138937 }}</ref>
* Celiac disease<ref name="Carroccio-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Carroccio | first1 = A. | last2 = Di Prima | first2 = L. | last3 = Scalici | first3 = C. | last4 = Soresi | first4 = M. | last5 = Cefalù | first5 = AB. | last6 = Noto | first6 = D. | last7 = Averna | first7 = MR. | last8 = Montalto | first8 = G. | last9 = Iacono | first9 = G. | title = Unexplained elevated serum pancreatic enzymes: a reason to suspect celiac disease. | journal = Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 455-9 | month = Apr | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.027 | PMID = 16616350 }}</ref>
* [[Celiac disease]]<ref name="Carroccio-2006">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Carroccio | first1 = A. | last2 = Di Prima | first2 = L. | last3 = Scalici | first3 = C. | last4 = Soresi | first4 = M. | last5 = Cefalù | first5 = AB. | last6 = Noto | first6 = D. | last7 = Averna | first7 = MR. | last8 = Montalto | first8 = G. | last9 = Iacono | first9 = G. | title = Unexplained elevated serum pancreatic enzymes: a reason to suspect celiac disease. | journal = Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol | volume = 4 | issue = 4 | pages = 455-9 | month = Apr | year = 2006 | doi = 10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.027 | PMID = 16616350 }}</ref>
* Systolic hypertension<ref name="Yasmin-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Yasmin | first1 = CM. | last2 = McEniery | first2 = S. | last3 = Wallace | first3 = Z. | last4 = Dakham | first4 = P. | last5 = Pulsalkar | first5 = P. | last6 = Pusalkar | first6 = K. | last7 = Maki-Petaja | first7 = MJ. | last8 = Ashby | first8 = JR. | last9 = Cockcroft | first9 = IB. | title = Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, and serum elastase activity are associated with systolic hypertension and arterial stiffness. | journal = Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 372 | month = Feb | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/01.ATV.0000151373.33830.41 | PMID = 15556929 }}</ref>
* Systolic [[hypertension]]<ref name="Yasmin-2005">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Yasmin | first1 = CM. | last2 = McEniery | first2 = S. | last3 = Wallace | first3 = Z. | last4 = Dakham | first4 = P. | last5 = Pulsalkar | first5 = P. | last6 = Pusalkar | first6 = K. | last7 = Maki-Petaja | first7 = MJ. | last8 = Ashby | first8 = JR. | last9 = Cockcroft | first9 = IB. | title = Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, and serum elastase activity are associated with systolic hypertension and arterial stiffness. | journal = Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol | volume = 25 | issue = 2 | pages = 372 | month = Feb | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1161/01.ATV.0000151373.33830.41 | PMID = 15556929 }}</ref>
* Endotoxemia<ref name="O'Brien-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = O'Brien | first1 = JM. | last2 = Abraham | first2 = E. | title = Human models of endotoxemia and recombinant human activated protein C. | journal = Crit Care Med | volume = 32 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = S202-8 | month = May | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15118518 }}</ref>
* [[Endotoxemia]]<ref name="O'Brien-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = O'Brien | first1 = JM. | last2 = Abraham | first2 = E. | title = Human models of endotoxemia and recombinant human activated protein C. | journal = Crit Care Med | volume = 32 | issue = 5 Suppl | pages = S202-8 | month = May | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 15118518 }}</ref>
* Diabetes mellitus<ref name="Hu-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hu | first1 = H. | last2 = Li | first2 = N. | last3 = Yngen | first3 = M. | last4 = Ostenson | first4 = CG. | last5 = Wallén | first5 = NH. | last6 = Hjemdahl | first6 = P. | title = Enhanced leukocyte-platelet cross-talk in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: relationship to microangiopathy. | journal = J Thromb Haemost | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 58-64 | month = Jan | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 14717967 }}</ref>
* [[Diabetes mellitus]]<ref name="Hu-2004">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hu | first1 = H. | last2 = Li | first2 = N. | last3 = Yngen | first3 = M. | last4 = Ostenson | first4 = CG. | last5 = Wallén | first5 = NH. | last6 = Hjemdahl | first6 = P. | title = Enhanced leukocyte-platelet cross-talk in Type 1 diabetes mellitus: relationship to microangiopathy. | journal = J Thromb Haemost | volume = 2 | issue = 1 | pages = 58-64 | month = Jan | year = 2004 | doi =  | PMID = 14717967 }}</ref>
* Carotid atherosclerotic plaque development<ref name="Zureik-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Zureik | first1 = M. | last2 = Robert | first2 = L. | last3 = Courbon | first3 = D. | last4 = Touboul | first4 = PJ. | last5 = Bizbiz | first5 = L. | last6 = Ducimetière | first6 = P. | title = Serum elastase activity, serum elastase inhibitors, and occurrence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: the Etude sur le Vieillissement Artériel (EVA) study. | journal = Circulation | volume = 105 | issue = 22 | pages = 2638-45 | month = Jun | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12045170 }}</ref>
* Carotid atherosclerotic [[plaque]] development<ref name="Zureik-2002">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Zureik | first1 = M. | last2 = Robert | first2 = L. | last3 = Courbon | first3 = D. | last4 = Touboul | first4 = PJ. | last5 = Bizbiz | first5 = L. | last6 = Ducimetière | first6 = P. | title = Serum elastase activity, serum elastase inhibitors, and occurrence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: the Etude sur le Vieillissement Artériel (EVA) study. | journal = Circulation | volume = 105 | issue = 22 | pages = 2638-45 | month = Jun | year = 2002 | doi =  | PMID = 12045170 }}</ref>
* Oxidative stress<ref name="Clermont-2001">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Clermont | first1 = G. | last2 = Lecour | first2 = S. | last3 = Cabanne | first3 = JF. | last4 = Motte | first4 = G. | last5 = Guilland | first5 = JC. | last6 = Chevet | first6 = D. | last7 = Rochette | first7 = L. | title = Vitamin E-coated dialyzer reduces oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. | journal = Free Radic Biol Med | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 233-41 | month = Jul | year = 2001 | doi =  | PMID = 11440835 }}</ref>
* [[Oxidative stress]]<ref name="Clermont-2001">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Clermont | first1 = G. | last2 = Lecour | first2 = S. | last3 = Cabanne | first3 = JF. | last4 = Motte | first4 = G. | last5 = Guilland | first5 = JC. | last6 = Chevet | first6 = D. | last7 = Rochette | first7 = L. | title = Vitamin E-coated dialyzer reduces oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients. | journal = Free Radic Biol Med | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 233-41 | month = Jul | year = 2001 | doi =  | PMID = 11440835 }}</ref>
* Essential thrombocythemia<ref name="Falanga-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Falanga | first1 = A. | last2 = Marchetti | first2 = M. | last3 = Evangelista | first3 = V. | last4 = Vignoli | first4 = A. | last5 = Licini | first5 = M. | last6 = Balicco | first6 = M. | last7 = Manarini | first7 = S. | last8 = Finazzi | first8 = G. | last9 = Cerletti | first9 = C. | title = Polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and hemostasis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. | journal = Blood | volume = 96 | issue = 13 | pages = 4261-6 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11110700 }}</ref>
* [[Essential thrombocythemia]]<ref name="Falanga-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Falanga | first1 = A. | last2 = Marchetti | first2 = M. | last3 = Evangelista | first3 = V. | last4 = Vignoli | first4 = A. | last5 = Licini | first5 = M. | last6 = Balicco | first6 = M. | last7 = Manarini | first7 = S. | last8 = Finazzi | first8 = G. | last9 = Cerletti | first9 = C. | title = Polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and hemostasis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. | journal = Blood | volume = 96 | issue = 13 | pages = 4261-6 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11110700 }}</ref>
* Polycythemia vera<ref name="Falanga-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Falanga | first1 = A. | last2 = Marchetti | first2 = M. | last3 = Evangelista | first3 = V. | last4 = Vignoli | first4 = A. | last5 = Licini | first5 = M. | last6 = Balicco | first6 = M. | last7 = Manarini | first7 = S. | last8 = Finazzi | first8 = G. | last9 = Cerletti | first9 = C. | title = Polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and hemostasis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. | journal = Blood | volume = 96 | issue = 13 | pages = 4261-6 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11110700 }}</ref>
* [[Polycythemia vera]]<ref name="Falanga-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Falanga | first1 = A. | last2 = Marchetti | first2 = M. | last3 = Evangelista | first3 = V. | last4 = Vignoli | first4 = A. | last5 = Licini | first5 = M. | last6 = Balicco | first6 = M. | last7 = Manarini | first7 = S. | last8 = Finazzi | first8 = G. | last9 = Cerletti | first9 = C. | title = Polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and hemostasis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera. | journal = Blood | volume = 96 | issue = 13 | pages = 4261-6 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11110700 }}</ref>
* Extracorporeal detoxification<ref name="Kramer-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kramer | first1 = L. | last2 = Gendo | first2 = A. | last3 = Madl | first3 = C. | last4 = Ferrara | first4 = I. | last5 = Funk | first5 = G. | last6 = Schenk | first6 = P. | last7 = Sunder-Plassmann | first7 = G. | last8 = Hörl | first8 = WH. | title = Biocompatibility of a cuprophane charcoal-based detoxification device in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. | journal = Am J Kidney Dis | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 1193-200 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1053/ajkd.2000.19834 | PMID = 11096044 }}</ref>
* [[Extracorporeal detoxification]]<ref name="Kramer-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Kramer | first1 = L. | last2 = Gendo | first2 = A. | last3 = Madl | first3 = C. | last4 = Ferrara | first4 = I. | last5 = Funk | first5 = G. | last6 = Schenk | first6 = P. | last7 = Sunder-Plassmann | first7 = G. | last8 = Hörl | first8 = WH. | title = Biocompatibility of a cuprophane charcoal-based detoxification device in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy. | journal = Am J Kidney Dis | volume = 36 | issue = 6 | pages = 1193-200 | month = Dec | year = 2000 | doi = 10.1053/ajkd.2000.19834 | PMID = 11096044 }}</ref>
* Esophagogastrectomy<ref name="Reid-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Reid | first1 = PT. | last2 = Donnelly | first2 = SC. | last3 = MacGregor | first3 = IR. | last4 = Grant | first4 = IS. | last5 = Cameron | first5 = E. | last6 = Walker | first6 = W. | last7 = Merrick | first7 = MV. | last8 = Haslett | first8 = C. | title = Pulmonary endothelial permeability and circulating neutrophil-endothelial markers in patients undergoing esophagogastrectomy. | journal = Crit Care Med | volume = 28 | issue = 9 | pages = 3161-5 | month = Sep | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11008975 }}</ref>
* [[Esophagogastrectomy]]<ref name="Reid-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Reid | first1 = PT. | last2 = Donnelly | first2 = SC. | last3 = MacGregor | first3 = IR. | last4 = Grant | first4 = IS. | last5 = Cameron | first5 = E. | last6 = Walker | first6 = W. | last7 = Merrick | first7 = MV. | last8 = Haslett | first8 = C. | title = Pulmonary endothelial permeability and circulating neutrophil-endothelial markers in patients undergoing esophagogastrectomy. | journal = Crit Care Med | volume = 28 | issue = 9 | pages = 3161-5 | month = Sep | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 11008975 }}</ref>
* [[Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency]]<ref name="Hill-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Hill | first1 = AT. | last2 = Bayley | first2 = DL. | last3 = Campbell | first3 = EJ. | last4 = Hill | first4 = SL. | last5 = Stockley | first5 = RA. | title = Airways inflammation in chronic bronchitis: the effects of smoking and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. | journal = Eur Respir J | volume = 15 | issue = 5 | pages = 886-90 | month = May | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 10853853 }}</ref>
* [[Migraine]]<ref name="Tzourio-2000">{{Cite journal  | last1 = Tzourio | first1 = C. | last2 = El Amrani | first2 = M. | last3 = Robert | first3 = L. | last4 = Alpérovitch | first4 = A. | title = Serum elastase activity is elevated in migraine. | journal = Ann Neurol | volume = 47 | issue = 5 | pages = 648-51 | month = May | year = 2000 | doi =  | PMID = 10805337 }}</ref>


* Chronic joint disorders
* Chronic joint disorders

Revision as of 01:29, 28 June 2013

Elastase in blood serum

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

  • The presence of elastase in the blood serum is caused by serine proteinase hydrolyzing elastic occuring in the endothelial cells, macrophages, and granulocytes
Reference Range
In Plasma 60-110 ng/ml
In Pleural Effusion 480-2900 ng/ml


Causes of decreased elastase in blood serum

  • Hyperglycemia[1]
  • Prednisolone[2]




Causes of increased elastase in blood serum[3][4]

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning No underlying causes
Dental No underlying causes
Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine No underlying causes
Environmental No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic No underlying causes
Genetic No underlying causes
Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic No underlying causes
Infectious Disease No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic No underlying causes
Neurologic No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic No underlying causes
Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity No underlying causes
Psychiatric No underlying causes
Pulmonary No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma No underlying causes
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous No underlying causes


Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

  1. ↑ Stegenga, ME.; van der Crabben, SN.; Blümer, RM.; Levi, M.; Meijers, JC.; Serlie, MJ.; Tanck, MW.; Sauerwein, HP.; van der Poll, T. (2008). "Hyperglycemia enhances coagulation and reduces neutrophil degranulation, whereas hyperinsulinemia inhibits fibrinolysis during human endotoxemia". Blood. 112 (1): 82–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2007-11-121723. PMID 18316629. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ de Kruif, MD.; Lemaire, LC.; Giebelen, IA.; van Zoelen, MA.; Pater, JM.; van den Pangaart, PS.; Groot, AP.; de Vos, AF.; Elliott, PJ. (2007). "Prednisolone dose-dependently influences inflammation and coagulation during human endotoxemia". J Immunol. 178 (3): 1845–51. PMID 17237435. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
  4. ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
  5. ↑ Donnelly, SC.; MacGregor, I.; Zamani, A.; Gordon, MW.; Robertson, CE.; Steedman, DJ.; Little, K.; Haslett, C. (1995). "Plasma elastase levels and the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome". Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 151 (5): 1428–33. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.151.5.7735596. PMID 7735596. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Hughes, SF.; Cotter, MJ.; Evans, SA.; Jones, KP.; Adams, RA. (2006). "Role of leucocytes in damage to the vascular endothelium during ischaemia-reperfusion injury". Br J Biomed Sci. 63 (4): 166–70. PMID 17201205.
  7. ↑ Baines, KJ.; Simpson, JL.; Wood, LG.; Scott, RJ.; Gibson, PG. (2011). "Systemic upregulation of neutrophil α-defensins and serine proteases in neutrophilic asthma". Thorax. 66 (11): 942–7. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.157719. PMID 21785157. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hu, H.; Johansson, BL.; Hjemdahl, P.; Li, N. (2004). "Exercise-induced platelet and leucocyte activation is not enhanced in well-controlled Type 1 diabetes, despite increased activity at rest". Diabetologia. 47 (5): 853–9. doi:10.1007/s00125-004-1378-7. PMID 15095037. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ↑ Li, N.; He, S.; Blombäck, M.; Hjemdahl, P. (2007). "Platelet activity, coagulation, and fibrinolysis during exercise in healthy males: effects of thrombin inhibition by argatroban and enoxaparin". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 27 (2): 407–13. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000253906.19648.ac. PMID 17138937. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  10. ↑ Carroccio, A.; Di Prima, L.; Scalici, C.; Soresi, M.; Cefalù, AB.; Noto, D.; Averna, MR.; Montalto, G.; Iacono, G. (2006). "Unexplained elevated serum pancreatic enzymes: a reason to suspect celiac disease". Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 4 (4): 455–9. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2005.12.027. PMID 16616350. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  11. ↑ Yasmin, CM.; McEniery, S.; Wallace, Z.; Dakham, P.; Pulsalkar, P.; Pusalkar, K.; Maki-Petaja, MJ.; Ashby, JR.; Cockcroft, IB. (2005). "Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, and serum elastase activity are associated with systolic hypertension and arterial stiffness". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 25 (2): 372. doi:10.1161/01.ATV.0000151373.33830.41. PMID 15556929. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  12. ↑ O'Brien, JM.; Abraham, E. (2004). "Human models of endotoxemia and recombinant human activated protein C.". Crit Care Med. 32 (5 Suppl): S202–8. PMID 15118518. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  13. ↑ Zureik, M.; Robert, L.; Courbon, D.; Touboul, PJ.; Bizbiz, L.; Ducimetière, P. (2002). "Serum elastase activity, serum elastase inhibitors, and occurrence of carotid atherosclerotic plaques: the Etude sur le Vieillissement Artériel (EVA) study". Circulation. 105 (22): 2638–45. PMID 12045170. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  14. ↑ Clermont, G.; Lecour, S.; Cabanne, JF.; Motte, G.; Guilland, JC.; Chevet, D.; Rochette, L. (2001). "Vitamin E-coated dialyzer reduces oxidative stress in hemodialysis patients". Free Radic Biol Med. 31 (2): 233–41. PMID 11440835. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Falanga, A.; Marchetti, M.; Evangelista, V.; Vignoli, A.; Licini, M.; Balicco, M.; Manarini, S.; Finazzi, G.; Cerletti, C. (2000). "Polymorphonuclear leukocyte activation and hemostasis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera". Blood. 96 (13): 4261–6. PMID 11110700. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Kramer, L.; Gendo, A.; Madl, C.; Ferrara, I.; Funk, G.; Schenk, P.; Sunder-Plassmann, G.; Hörl, WH. (2000). "Biocompatibility of a cuprophane charcoal-based detoxification device in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy". Am J Kidney Dis. 36 (6): 1193–200. doi:10.1053/ajkd.2000.19834. PMID 11096044. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ Reid, PT.; Donnelly, SC.; MacGregor, IR.; Grant, IS.; Cameron, E.; Walker, W.; Merrick, MV.; Haslett, C. (2000). "Pulmonary endothelial permeability and circulating neutrophil-endothelial markers in patients undergoing esophagogastrectomy". Crit Care Med. 28 (9): 3161–5. PMID 11008975. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Hill, AT.; Bayley, DL.; Campbell, EJ.; Hill, SL.; Stockley, RA. (2000). "Airways inflammation in chronic bronchitis: the effects of smoking and alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency". Eur Respir J. 15 (5): 886–90. PMID 10853853. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  19. ↑ Tzourio, C.; El Amrani, M.; Robert, L.; Alpérovitch, A. (2000). "Serum elastase activity is elevated in migraine". Ann Neurol. 47 (5): 648–51. PMID 10805337. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)


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