Sandbox

Causes in Alphabetical Order of Apnea

• 1q21.1 deletion

• Aberrant subclavian artery abnormality

• Achondroplasia

• Acromegaly

• Adenoid hypertrophy

• Adenotonsillar hypertrophy

• Adult respiratory distress syndrome

• Aging

• Alcohol

• Ammonium chloride

• Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

• An acutely angled skull base

• Anemia of prematurity

• Angina tonsillaris

• Apert syndrome

• Apnea of prematurity

• Arnold-Chiari malformation

• Aromatic amino acid decarboxylase deficiency

• Arrythmias

• Asthma

• Ataxic respiration

• Atrial fibrillation

• Auriculo-condylar syndrome

• Barium

• Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

• Benign familial infantile convulsion

• Benzodiazepines

• Biot's respiration

• Body fat redistribution (BFR) syndrome

• Botulism

• Brain abscess

• Brain stem dysfunction

• Brain stem injury

• Brain tumor

• Breastfeeding

• Bronchial rupture

• Bronchiolitis

• Bronchospasm

• Brun's syndrome

• Bupivacaine

• Camphor

• Campomelic Syndrome

• Cardiac arrest

• Central nervous system depressants

• Central sleep apnea

• Cerebral hemorrhage

• Cerebral infarction

• Cerebral palsy

• Cheyne-Stokes respiration

• Chloral hydrate

• Chlordiazepoxide

• Choanal stenosis

• Chondrodystrophy

• Chronic airway-digestive inflammatory disease (CAID)

• Chronic bronchitis

• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• CNS depression due to drug effect

• CNS depression due to postictal state

• CNS depression due to sepsis

• CNS due to respiratory syncytial virus

• Collapse of aryepiglottic folds

• Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome

• Crouzon syndrome

• Cyanide

• Cyanotic congenital heart disease

• Delayed sleep phase syndrome

• Deviated septum

• Diabetic autonomic neuropathy

• Diazepam

• Diffuse pneumonia

• Diphtheria

• Disopyramide toxicity

• Down syndrome

• Duchenne muscular dystrophy

• Edema of epiglottis

• Elongated and/or thickened palate and uvula

• Empty nose syndrome

• Encephalitis

• End stage renal disease

• Eucalyptus oil poisoning

• Excessive daytime sleepiness

• Fatigue

• Flail chest

• Floppy eyelid syndrome

• Foreign body aspiration

• Gastroesophageal reflux disease

• Gaucher's disease

• General anesthetics

• Genetics

• Glycine encephalopathy

• Guillain Barré syndrome

• Hallermann-Streiff syndrome

• Head and neck burns

• Head trauma

• Heart failure

• Hemothorax

• Hunter syndrome

• Hurler syndrome

• Hypercapnia

• Hyperglycinemia

• Hyperpituitarism

• Hypertonia

• Hypothyroidism

• Hypotonia

• Hypoventilation

• Increased intracranial pressure

• Infant respiratory distress syndrome

• Iron deficiency anemia

• Joubert syndrome

• Klippel-Feil syndrome

• Laryngomalacia

• late-onset spinal muscular atrophy

• Leukomalacia

• Levobupivacaine

• Lidocaine

• Lingual cyst

• Lingual tonsillar hypertrophy

• Lipoma of the neck

• Lymphoma of tonsils

• Macroglossia

• Mandibular hypoplasia

• Marfan syndrome

• Maternal beta-blocker use (transfer across placenta

• Maternal narcotic use (transfer across placenta)

• Meconium aspiration syndrome

• Medullary hemorrhage

• Medullary infarction

• Meningitis

• Meningoencephalitis

• Micrognathia

• Midfacial hypoplasia

• Morphine

• Mucopolysaccharidoses

• Mucus plug

• Myasthenia gravis

• Myocardial infarction

• Myotonic dystrophy

• Myotubular myopathy

• Narcotic analgesics

• Narrow maxillary arch

• Nasal congestion

• Nasoseptal obstruction

• Near drowning

• Neonatal anemia

• Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

• Obesity

• Open chest wounds

• Organic acidemia

• Oropharyngeal papillomatosis

• Osteopetrosis

• Oxymorphone

• Pancuronium

• Parenchymal lung disease

• Pepper spray

• Periodic limb movement disorder

• Pertussis

• Phrenic nerve paralysis

• Pickwickian syndrome

• Pierre Robin sequence

• Pneumothorax

• Polycystic ovary syndrome

• Polyposis

• Pontine hemorrhage

• Post-traumatic stress disorder

• Prader-Willi syndrome

• Prenatal asphyxia

• Propofol

• Pulmonary atresia

• Pulmonary edema

• Pulmonary embolism

• Pulmonary fibrosis

• Pulmonary hypertension

• Pyrimidifen

• REM sleep

• Respiratory acidosis

• Respiratory muscle failure due to infantile botulism

• Respiratory muscle failure due to myotonia

• Respiratory syncytial viral infection

• Restless legs syndrome

• Rett syndrome

• Rhinitis

• Right ventricular hypertrophy

• Ropivacaine

• Secondary hypertension

• Seizures

• Septal dislocation

• Septal hematoma

• Septicemia

• Severe achondroplasia with developmental delay and acanthosis nigricans

• Shock

• Sickle cell disease

• Sleep deprivation

• Smoking

• Sodium thiopental

• Spinal cord injury

• Strychnine

• Sudden infant death syndrome

• Testosterone deficiency

• Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide

• Tonic-clonic seizure

• Toxidrome

• Tracheal rupture

• Transtentorial herniation

• Trazodone

• Treacher Collins syndrome

• Trisomy 13

• Turbinate hypertrophy

• Upper airway obstruction

• Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS)

• Use of sedatives (sleeping pills)

• Vocal cord paralysis

• Werdnig-Hoffman disease

Causes

Common Causes

• Acute myeloid leukemia

• Dental implant

• Gingivitis

• Haemophillia

• Heparin Injection

• Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

• Pregnancy

• Rough teeth brushing

• Scurvy

• Vitamin K deficiency

• Von willebrand 's disease

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Bothrops venom, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias, tuberous sclerosis
Chemical / poisoning	Radium jaw, arsenic poisoning, lead poisoning
Dermatologic	Lichen planus (oral), linear immunoglobulin A dermatosis, pemphigus, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, thrombocytopenia, tuberous sclerosis, bothrops venom, scurvy, haemophillia, systemic lupus erythromatosus, kaposi's sarcoma, ebola hemorrhagic fever
Drug Side Effect	Acitretin , aspirin, bevacizumab injection, cholestyramine resin, clofarabine injection, co-codamol, colestipol, coumatetralyl, cyclosporine, cytotoxic chemotherapy, efalizumab injection, heparin injection, itraconazole , mercury(II) chloride poisoning, methotrexate, mycophenolate , pamidronate injection , paracetamol, phenytoin (oral), pregabalin , protiodide, venlafaxine, zoledronic acid injection
Ear Nose Throat	Dry mouth, Vincent's angina, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Diabetes, progesterone, arsenic poisoning, bothrops venom, radium jaw, lead poisoning
Gastroenterologic	Cholestyramine Resin , essential thrombocytosis , ebola hemorrhagic fever, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias
Genetic	Haemophillia, hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias
Hematologic	Aplastic anemia, essential thrombocytosis, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, lead poisoning, thrombocytopenia, vitamin K deficiency, von willebrand 's disease, waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, coumatetralyl, haemophillia, bolivian hemorrhagic fever, ebola hemorrhagic fever, rift valley fever, acute myeloid leukemia, systemic lupus erythromatosus
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Bolivian hemorrhagic fever, ebola hemorrhagic fever, ehrlichiosis (canine), herpes simplex virus, rift valley fever, MMR vaccine
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Systemic lupus erythromatosus
Neurologic	Tuberous sclerosis, phenytoin (oral), pregabalin , waldenstrom macroglobulinemia, rift valley fever, ebola hemorrhagic fever, bothrops venom
Nutritional / Metabolic	Scurvy, diabetes, vitamin K deficiency
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Pregnancy, progesterone, von willebrand's disease
Oncologic	Acute myeloid leukemia, kaposi's sarcoma, oral cancer, cytotoxic chemotherapy
Opthalmologic	Rift valley fever
Overdose / Toxicity	Chronic alcoholism, arsenic poisoning, lead poisoning
Psychiatric	Stress
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	Tuberous sclerosis, bothrops venom, systemic lupus erythromatosus
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Systemic lupus erythromatosus, linear immunoglobulin A dermatosis, pemphigus, mycophenolate , haemophillia
Sexual	Fellatio, herpes simplex virus, kaposi's sarcoma
Trauma	Rough teeth brushing, wisdom teeth
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	Dental implant, epulis, extraction (dental), gingivitis, Ludwig's angina, periodontitis, poor oral hygiene, rough teeth brushing, wisdom teeth, radium jaw, lead poisoning, scurvy
Miscellaneous	Body piercing, MMR vaccine, stress

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Acitretin Acute myeloid leukemia Aplastic anemia Arsenic poisoning Aspirin Bevacizumab Injection Body piercing Bolivian hemorrhagic fever Bothrops venom Cholestyramine Resin Chronic alcoholism Clofarabine Injection Co-codamol Colestipol Coumatetralyl Cyclosporine Cytotoxic chemotherapy Dental implant Diabetes Dry mouth Ebola hemorrhagic fever Efalizumab Injection Ehrlichiosis (canine) Epulis Essential thrombocytosis Extraction (dental) Fellatio Gingivitis Haemophillia Heparin Injection Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasias Herpes simplex virus Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura Itraconazole Kaposi's sarcoma

Lead poisoning Lichen planus (oral) Linear immunoglobulin A dermatosis Ludwig's angina Mercury(II) chloride poisoning Methotrexate MMR vaccine Mycophenolate Oral cancer Pamidronate injection Paracetamol Pemphigus Periodontitis Phenytoin (oral) Poor oral hygiene Pregabalin Pregnancy Progesterone Protiodide Radium jaw Rift valley fever Rough teeth brushing Scurvy Stress Systemic lupus erythromatosus Thrombocytopenia Tuberous sclerosis Venlafaxine Vincent's angina Vitamin K deficiency Von willebrand 's disease Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia Wisdom teeth Zoledronic Acid Injection