Meningitis causes: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 18:43, 11 July 2013
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Meningitis Main Page |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]
Overview
Most cases of meningitis are caused by microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, or parasites, that spread into the blood and into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).[1] Non-infectious causes include cancers, systemic lupus erythematosus and certain drugs. The most common cause of meningitis is viral, and often runs its course within a few days. Bacterial meningitis is the second most frequent type and can be serious and life-threatening. Numerous microorganisms may cause bacterial meningitis, but Neisseria meningitidis ("meningococcus") and Streptococcus pneumoniae ("pneumococcus") are the most common pathogens in patients without immune deficiency, with meningococcal disease being more common in children. Staphylococcus aureus may complicate neurosurgical operations, and Listeria monocytogenes is associated with poor nutritional state and alcoholicism. Haemophilus influenzae (type B) incidence has been much reduced by immunization in many countries. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the causative agent of tuberculosis) rarely causes meningitis in Western countries but is common and feared in countries where tuberculosis is endemic.
Causes
Common Causes
- Escherichia coli
- Gram-negative bacilli
- Group B streptococci
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Neisseria Meningitis
- Non-Group B streptococci
- Staphylococci
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular | No underlying causes |
| Chemical/Poisoning | No underlying causes |
| Dental | No underlying causes |
| Dermatologic | No underlying causes |
| Drug Side Effect | Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole , Phenazopyridine , NSAIDs , Ibuprofen , Azathioprine |
| Ear Nose Throat | Sinusitis , Middle ear infection , Cholesteatoma |
| Endocrine | No underlying causes |
| Environmental | No underlying causes |
| Gastroenterologic | Whipple's Disease |
| Genetic | Common Variable Immunodeficiency |
| Hematologic | No underlying causes |
| Iatrogenic | No underlying causes |
| Infectious Disease | Yersinia pestis , Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus , Varicella zoster virus , Typhoid fever , Trypanosomiasis , Trichinosis , Treponema pallidum , Toxoplasma gondii , Systemic candidiasis , Streptococcus pneumoniae , Streptococcal Group B , Staphylococcus aureus , St. Louis encephalitis virus , Sporothrix schenckii , Spirillum minor (rat bite fever), Serratia , Secondary syphilis , Schistosomiasis , Salmonella , Rubella , Rotavirus , Rickettsia , Rat-bite fever , Rabies , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Poliovirus , Pasteurella multocida , Parameningeal bacterial infection epidural abscess, subdural abscess , Parainfluenza , Nocardia , Neisseria meningiditis , Mycoplasma pneumoniae , Mycoplasma hominis , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare , Mumps , Mountain tick fever , Measles , Malaria, Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus , Lyme disease , Listeria monocytogenes , Leptospira , Klebsiella , Influenza A and B , HIV , Histoplasma capsulatum , Herpes virus 6 , Herpes simplex type I , Herpes simplex type 2 , Hand, Foot, & Mouth Disease , Haemophilus influenzae , Group B Streptococcal Infections , Group A Streptococcal Infections , Escherichia coli , Epstein Barr virus , Enteroviruses , Encephalomyocarditis virus , Ehrlichia , ECHO viruses , Eastern encephalitis]] virus , Cytomegalovirus , Cryptococcus neoformans , Coxsackie viruses types A and B , Congenital herpes simplex , Colorado tick fever , Coccidioides immitis , Chlamydia , Chicken pox , Chagas disease , Candida , Campylobacter , California encephalitis virus , Burkholderia pseudomallei , Brucella , Borrelia recurrentis (relapsing fever) , Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme disease), Blastomyces dermatitidis , Bartonellosis , Bacteroides , Bacteremia , Aspergillus , Arboviruses , Anthrax , Angiostrongylus cantonensis , AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections - cryptococcal meningitis , Adenovirus , Actinomycosis , Actinomyces , Acanthamoeba , Abscess
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| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic | No underlying causes |
| Neurologic | No underlying causes |
| Nutritional/Metabolic | No underlying causes |
| Obstetric/Gynecologic | No underlying causes |
| Oncologic | Metatstatic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas , Meningeal leukemia , Meningeal carcinomatosis , Lymphoma , Leukemia , Disseminated carcinoma , Acute leukaemia
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| Ophthalmologic | No underlying causes |
| Overdose/Toxicity | No underlying causes |
| Psychiatric | No underlying causes |
| Pulmonary | No underlying causes |
| Renal/Electrolyte | No underlying causes |
| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy | Systemic lupus erythematosus , Sarcoidosis , Kawasaki disease , Complement component deficiency , Behcet's disease |
| Sexual | No underlying causes |
| Trauma | Skull fracture , Head injury |
| Urologic | No underlying causes |
| Miscellaneous | Western equine encephalitis , Western encephalitis virus , Weil's syndrome , Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome , Postvaccination , NOMID syndrome , Familial Mediterranean fever
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Ryan KJ, Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed. ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 876&ndash, 9. ISBN 0838585299.