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==Risk Factors==
==Risk Factors==
===Cardiovascular Risk Factors===
* [[Ethnicity]]: African American<ref name="pmid11136953">{{cite journal| author=Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D et al.| title=Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 344 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-10 | pmid=11136953 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200101043440101 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11136953  }} </ref>
* [[Ethnicity]]: African American<ref name="pmid11136953">{{cite journal| author=Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D et al.| title=Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. | journal=N Engl J Med | year= 2001 | volume= 344 | issue= 1 | pages= 3-10 | pmid=11136953 | doi=10.1056/NEJM200101043440101 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11136953  }} </ref>
* Genetics and Family history: Paternal or maternal<ref name="pmid18362257">{{cite journal| author=Wang NY, Young JH, Meoni LA, Ford DE, Erlinger TP, Klag MJ| title=Blood pressure change and risk of hypertension associated with parental hypertension: the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2008 | volume= 168 | issue= 6 | pages= 643-8 | pmid=18362257 | doi=10.1001/archinte.168.6.643 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18362257  }} </ref>
* Genetics and Family history: Paternal or maternal<ref name="pmid18362257">{{cite journal| author=Wang NY, Young JH, Meoni LA, Ford DE, Erlinger TP, Klag MJ| title=Blood pressure change and risk of hypertension associated with parental hypertension: the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study. | journal=Arch Intern Med | year= 2008 | volume= 168 | issue= 6 | pages= 643-8 | pmid=18362257 | doi=10.1001/archinte.168.6.643 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=18362257  }} </ref>
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* Sedentary lifestyle and decreased physical activity<ref name="pmid16512265">{{cite journal| author=Cuddy ML| title=Treatment of hypertension: guidelines from JNC 7 (the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1). | journal=J Pract Nurs | year= 2005 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 17-21; quiz 22-3 | pmid=16512265 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16512265  }} </ref>
* Sedentary lifestyle and decreased physical activity<ref name="pmid16512265">{{cite journal| author=Cuddy ML| title=Treatment of hypertension: guidelines from JNC 7 (the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1). | journal=J Pract Nurs | year= 2005 | volume= 55 | issue= 4 | pages= 17-21; quiz 22-3 | pmid=16512265 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=16512265  }} </ref>


Emerging research is currently studying several new factors that might be contributory and pose risk for the development of essential hypertension, such as:
===Possible Risk Facors===
* [[Vitamin D]] insufficiency<ref name="pmid19687790">{{cite journal| author=Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieber TR| title=Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review. | journal=Nat Rev Cardiol | year= 2009 | volume= 6 | issue= 10 | pages= 621-30 | pmid=19687790 | doi=10.1038/nrcardio.2009.135 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19687790  }} </ref>
* [[Vitamin D]] insufficiency<ref name="pmid19687790">{{cite journal| author=Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieber TR| title=Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review. | journal=Nat Rev Cardiol | year= 2009 | volume= 6 | issue= 10 | pages= 621-30 | pmid=19687790 | doi=10.1038/nrcardio.2009.135 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=19687790  }} </ref>
* Low ionized serum [[calcium]]<ref name="pmid23181228">{{cite journal| author=Hazari MA, Arifuddin MS, Muzzakar S, Reddy VD| title=Serum calcium level in hypertension. | journal=N Am J Med Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 11 | pages= 569-72 | pmid=23181228 | doi=10.4103/1947-2714.103316 | pmc=PMC3503375 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23181228  }} </ref>
* Low ionized serum [[calcium]]<ref name="pmid23181228">{{cite journal| author=Hazari MA, Arifuddin MS, Muzzakar S, Reddy VD| title=Serum calcium level in hypertension. | journal=N Am J Med Sci | year= 2012 | volume= 4 | issue= 11 | pages= 569-72 | pmid=23181228 | doi=10.4103/1947-2714.103316 | pmc=PMC3503375 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23181228  }} </ref>

Revision as of 13:36, 14 July 2013

Hypertension Main page

Overview

Causes

Classification

Primary Hypertension
Secondary Hypertension
Hypertensive Emergency
Hypertensive Urgency

Screening

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Established risk factors for essential hypertension include African American ethnicity, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, increased alcohol intake, increased salt intake in diet, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle and lack of exercise.

Risk Factors

Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Possible Risk Facors

References

  1. ↑ Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Harsha D; et al. (2001). "Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group". N Engl J Med. 344 (1): 3–10. doi:10.1056/NEJM200101043440101. PMID 11136953.
  2. ↑ Wang NY, Young JH, Meoni LA, Ford DE, Erlinger TP, Klag MJ (2008). "Blood pressure change and risk of hypertension associated with parental hypertension: the Johns Hopkins Precursors Study". Arch Intern Med. 168 (6): 643–8. doi:10.1001/archinte.168.6.643. PMID 18362257.
  3. ↑ Gupta PC, Ray CS (2003). "Smokeless tobacco and health in India and South Asia". Respirology. 8 (4): 419–31. PMID 14708551.
  4. ↑ Marmot MG, Elliott P, Shipley MJ, Dyer AR, Ueshima H, Beevers DG; et al. (1994). "Alcohol and blood pressure: the INTERSALT study". BMJ. 308 (6939): 1263–7. PMC 2540174. PMID 7802765.
  5. ↑ de Simone G, Devereux RB, Chinali M, Roman MJ, Best LG, Welty TK; et al. (2006). "Risk factors for arterial hypertension in adults with initial optimal blood pressure: the Strong Heart Study". Hypertension. 47 (2): 162–7. doi:10.1161/01.HYP.0000199103.40105.b5. PMID 16380527.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Cuddy ML (2005). "Treatment of hypertension: guidelines from JNC 7 (the seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure 1)". J Pract Nurs. 55 (4): 17–21, quiz 22-3. PMID 16512265.
  7. ↑ Forman JP, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC (2009). "Diet and lifestyle risk factors associated with incident hypertension in women". JAMA. 302 (4): 401–11. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1060. PMC 2803081. PMID 19622819.
  8. ↑ Sonne-Holm S, Sørensen TI, Jensen G, Schnohr P (1989). "Independent effects of weight change and attained body weight on prevalence of arterial hypertension in obese and non-obese men". BMJ. 299 (6702): 767–70. PMC 1837623. PMID 2508915.
  9. ↑ Pilz S, Tomaschitz A, Ritz E, Pieber TR (2009). "Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: a systematic review". Nat Rev Cardiol. 6 (10): 621–30. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2009.135. PMID 19687790.
  10. ↑ Hazari MA, Arifuddin MS, Muzzakar S, Reddy VD (2012). "Serum calcium level in hypertension". N Am J Med Sci. 4 (11): 569–72. doi:10.4103/1947-2714.103316. PMC 3503375. PMID 23181228.
  11. ↑ Park SE, Rhee EJ, Park CY, Oh KW, Park SW, Kim SW; et al. (2012). "Impact of hyperinsulinemia on the development of hypertension in normotensive, nondiabetic adults: a 4-year follow-up study". Metabolism. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.013. PMID 23122695.
  12. ↑ Norman M (2010). "Preterm birth--an emerging risk factor for adult hypertension?". Semin Perinatol. 34 (3): 183–7. doi:10.1053/j.semperi.2010.02.009. PMID 20494733.
  13. ↑ Hornigold RE, Golding JF, Ferner RE, Ferner RE (2011). "Neurofibromatosis 2: a novel risk factor for hypertension?". Am J Med Genet A. 155A (7): 1721–2. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.34035. PMID 21638762.
  14. ↑ Chen K, Xie F, Liu S, Li G, Chen Y, Shi W; et al. (2011). "Plasma reactive carbonyl species: Potential risk factor for hypertension". Free Radic Res. 45 (5): 568–74. doi:10.3109/10715762.2011.557723. PMID 21323510.
  15. ↑ Feig DI (2012). "The role of uric acid in the pathogenesis of hypertension in the young". J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 14 (6): 346–52. doi:10.1111/j.1751-7176.2012.00662.x. PMID 22672087.
  16. ↑ Patten SB, Williams JV, Lavorato DH, Campbell NR, Eliasziw M, Campbell TS (2009). "Major depression as a risk factor for high blood pressure: epidemiologic evidence from a national longitudinal study". Psychosom Med. 71 (3): 273–9. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181988e5f. PMID 19196807.

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