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| * [[Aplastic anemia]] | | * [[Aplastic anemia]] |
| * [[Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia]] | | * [[Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia]] |
| * [[Hypophosphatemia]] | | * [[Hypophosphatemia]]<ref name="Gaasbeek-2005">{{Cite journal | last1 = Gaasbeek | first1 = A. | last2 = Meinders | first2 = AE. | title = Hypophosphatemia: an update on its etiology and treatment. | journal = Am J Med | volume = 118 | issue = 10 | pages = 1094-101 | month = Oct | year = 2005 | doi = 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.014 | PMID = 16194637 }}</ref> |
| * [[Iron deficiency anemia]] | | * [[Iron deficiency anemia]] |
| * [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]] | | * [[Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria]] |
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| * [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] | | * [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]] |
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Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]
Synonyms and keywords: LAP
Overview
Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is an enzyme found within white blood cells. The blood level of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase is measured in order to help in the diagnosis of certain conditions. Higher levels of the enzyme are seen in polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, primary myelofibrosis and leukemoid reaction. Lower levels are found in chronic myelogenous leukemia, aplastic anemia, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and acute myelogenous leukemia.
Causes of Increased Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
|
Giant cell arteritis, hemorrhagic shock, ischemic colitis, myocardial infarction, pericarditis, subacute endocarditis, vasculitis
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| Chemical/Poisoning
|
Camphor, lead, lithium, mercury, pyrogallol, snakebite, turpentine
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| Dental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Dermatologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Drug Side Effect
|
All-trans retinoic acid, arsphenamine, catecholamines , corticosteroids, dapsone, digitalis, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, oral contraceptives, phenacetin, quinidine, sulfa drugs
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| Ear Nose Throat
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Tonsillitis
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| Endocrine
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Cushing's disease, diabetes, diabetic coma, diabetic ketoacidosis
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| Environmental
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Heatstroke
|
| Gastroenterologic
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Appendicitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, gastric carcinoma, fulminant hepatic necrosis, ischemic colitis, liver abscess, liver fluke
|
| Genetic
|
Congenital asplenia, congenital neutropenia , Down syndrome, familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome, Fanconi anemia, hereditary neutrophilia, hyposplenism, Klinefelter syndrome, Kostmann syndrome, leukocyte adhesion factor deficiency, Pelger-Huet anomaly, rac mutation
|
| Hematologic
|
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, aplastic anemia, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, essential thrombocytopenia, Fanconi anemia, hairy cell leukemia, hemarthrosis, hemolysis, hemoperitoneum, hemorrhagic shock, Hodgkin's lymphoma, infectious mononucleosis, megaloblastic anemia, multiple myeloma, myelofibrosis, Pelger-Huet anomaly, polycythemia vera
|
| Iatrogenic
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Blood transfusion, G-CSF, GM-CSF, post splenectomy, vaccination
|
| Infectious Disease
|
Actinomyces, burkholderia mallei, cellulitis, cholangitis, cholecystitis, clostridium difficile, coccidioides immitis, escherichia coli, herpes zoster, infectious mononucleosis, klebsiella pneumoniae, liver abscess, liver fluke, malaria, mycobacterium tuberculosis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, osteomyelitis, otitis media, pelvic abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease, perinephric abscess, pertussis, plague, poliomyelitis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, pyelonephritis, rabies, rickettsia, salmonella typhi, salpingitis, sepsis, septic arthritis, smallpox, spirochetes, staphylococcus aureus, staphylococcus epidermidis, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, subacute endocarditis, tonsillitis, varicella, visceral larva migrans
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| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
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Septic arthritis
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| Neurologic
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Eclampsia, epidural hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, preeclampsia, subdural hemorrhage
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| Nutritional/Metabolic
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Diabetic coma, diabetic ketoacidosis, uremia
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic
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Cesarean delivery, eclampsia, pelvic inflammatory disease, preeclampsia, pregnancy, salpingitis
|
| Oncologic
|
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myelogenous leukemia, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, bronchogenic carcinoma , gastric carcinoma, hairy cell leukemia, Hodgkin's lymphoma, paraneoplastic phenomenon, renal carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma
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| Ophthalmologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Overdose/Toxicity
|
No underlying causes
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| Psychiatric
|
Chronic anxiety, depression, panic disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder
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| Pulmonary
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Bronchogenic carcinoma, hemoperitoneum, klebsiella pneumoniae
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| Renal/Electrolyte
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Perinephric abscess, pyelonephritis, renal carcinoma, renal insufficiency
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| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
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Acute gout, giant cell arteritis, rheumatic disease, rheumatoid arthritis, vasculitis
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| Sexual
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No underlying causes
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| Trauma
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Burns, epidural hemorrhage, hemarthrosis, hemoperitoneum, intracerebral hemorrhage, major tissue injury, subdural hemorrhage
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| Urologic
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No underlying causes
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| Miscellaneous
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Chronic idiopathic neutrophilia, cigarette smoking, emotional stress, insect venoms, physical stress, vigorous exercise
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
Causes of Decreased Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase[4][5]
Common Causes
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
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Histoplasmosis endocarditis, tricuspid atresia
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| Chemical/Poisoning
|
Mustard gas
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| Dental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Dermatologic
|
Atopic dermatitis
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| Drug Side Effect
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Acetazolamide, albuterol, dopamine, epinephrine, glucagon, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, insulin, [salicylate ]], systemic corticosteroids, terbutaline
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| Ear Nose Throat
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No underlying causes
|
| Endocrine
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Addison's disease, calcitonin, diabetes mellitus, hungry bone syndrome, hyperparathyroidism, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism
|
| Environmental
|
No underlying causes
|
| Gastroenterologic
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Bacterial overgrowth, bariatric surgery , blind loops, carcinoid syndrome, carcinoma of pancreas, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis, crohn's disease, cystic fibrosis, eosinophilic gastroenteritis, fish tape worm, giardia lamblia, hepatic failure, hookworm, intestinal tuberculosis, lactose intolerance, primary bile acid diarrhea, radiation enteritis, refeeding syndrome, roundworm , short bowel syndrome, sucrose intolerance, traveller's diarrhoea, tropical sprue, Whipple's disease
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| Genetic
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Abetalipoproteinemia, beta thalassemia, cystic fibrosis, hereditary hyperphosphatasia, hereditary hypophosphatemia, hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets, IgG monoclonal gammopathy, malignant histiocytosis, myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic sundrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, primary myelofibrosis, trilineage dysplasia
|
| Hematologic
|
Acute myelogenous leukemia, aplastic anemia, Atypical chronic myeloid leukemia , beta thalassemia , blood transfusion , chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leakemia, erythroblastosis fetalis, essential thrombocythemia, fanconi syndrome, hemolysis, idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, iron deficiency anemia, myeloproliferative variants of hypereosinophilic sundrome, non hodgkins lymphoma, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pernicious anemia, primary myelofibrosis, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory thrombocytopenia , sickle cell lung disease, sideroachrestic anemia, sideroblastic anemia, thrombocytopenic purpura
|
| Iatrogenic
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Bariatric surgery , blood transfusion , gastrectomy, vagotomy
|
| Infectious Disease
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Fish tape worm, giardia lamblia, histoplasmosis endocarditis, HIV, hookworm, infectious mononucleosis, intestinal tuberculosis, roundworm , traveller's diarrhoea
|
| Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic
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Degenerative arthritis, hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets, oncogenic osteomalacia, osteo arthritis, osteomalacia
|
| Neurologic
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Dementia, thoracic ganglioneuroma
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| Nutritional/Metabolic
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Acute respiratory alkalosis, bacterial overgrowth, bariatric surgery , blind loops, celiac disease, chronic pancreatitis, chronic renal failure, Crohn's disease, gastrectomy, hereditary vitamin D-resistant rickets, hungry bone syndrome, hypophosphatemia, primary bile acid diarrhea, radiation enteritis, refeeding syndrome, respiratory alkalosis, short bowel syndrome, sucrose intolerance, tropical sprue, Whipple's disease
|
| Obstetric/Gynecologic
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No underlying causes
|
| Oncologic
|
Acute myelogenous leukemia, atypical chronic myeloid leukemia , carcinoid syndrome, carcinoma of pancreas, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, malignant diseases, malignant lymphoma, non Hodgkins lymphoma, oncogenic osteomalacia, thoracic ganglioneuroma
|
| Ophthalmologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Overdose/Toxicity
|
No underlying causes
|
| Psychiatric
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Chronic fatigue, dementia, panic attacks
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| Pulmonary
|
Acute respiratory alkalosis, cystic fibrosis, respiratory alkalosis, sickle cell lung disease
|
|
| Renal/Electrolyte
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Chronic renal failure, post renal transplant
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| Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy
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Blood transfusion , collagen vascular diseases, fibromyalgia, pernicious anemia, post renal transplant, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis
|
| Sexual
|
No underlying causes
|
| Trauma
|
Burns
|
| Urologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Miscellaneous
|
Alcohol, amyloidosis, citrated blood sample, EDTA blood sample, fluoride blood sample, inadequate phosphate intake, old blood samples, oxalate blood sample
|
Causes in Alphabetical Order
References
- ↑ Brook J, Dreisbach PB (1977). "Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase levels in multiple myeloma". J Lab Clin Med. 90 (1): 114–7. PMID 406335.
- ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
- ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
- ↑ Sailer, Christian, Wasner, Susanne. Differential Diagnosis Pocket. Hermosa Beach, CA: Borm Bruckmeir Publishing LLC, 2002:77 ISBN 1591032016
- ↑ Kahan, Scott, Smith, Ellen G. In A Page: Signs and Symptoms. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, 2004:68 ISBN 140510368X
- ↑ Gaasbeek, A.; Meinders, AE. (2005). "Hypophosphatemia: an update on its etiology and treatment". Am J Med. 118 (10): 1094–101. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.014. PMID 16194637.
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