Hyperkalemia causes: Difference between revisions

	Hyperkalemia Microchapters
Home
Patient information
Overview
Historical Perspective
Classification
Pathophysiology
Causes
Differentiating Hyperkalemia from other Diseases
Epidemiology and Demographics
Risk Factors
Screening
Natural history, Complications and Prognosis
Diagnosis
Diagnostic Study of Choice
History and Symptoms
Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Electrocardiogram
X-ray
Echocardiography and Ultrasound
CT scan
MRI
Other Imaging Findings
Other Diagnostic Studies
Treatment
Medical Therapy
Surgery
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Cost-Effectiveness of Therapy
Future or Investigational Therapies
Case Studies
Case #1
Hyperkalemia causes On the Web
Most recent articles
Most cited articles
Review articles
CME Programs
Powerpoint slides
Images
American Roentgen Ray Society Images of Hyperkalemia causes All Images X-rays Echo & Ultrasound CT Images MRI
Ongoing Trials at Clinical Trials.gov
US National Guidelines Clearinghouse
NICE Guidance
FDA on Hyperkalemia causes
CDC on Hyperkalemia causes
Hyperkalemia causes in the news
Blogs on Hyperkalemia causes
Directions to Hospitals Treating Hyperkalemia
Risk calculators and risk factors for Hyperkalemia causes

← Older edit Newer edit →

VisualWikitext

Revision as of 17:09, 26 July 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Priyamvada Singh, M.B.B.S. [2]; Raviteja Guddeti, M.B.B.S. [3], Mahmoud Sakr, M.D. [4]

Overview

Hyperkalemia is an elevated blood level (above 5.0 mmol/L) of the electrolyte potassium. The prefix hyper- means high (contrast with hypo-, meaning low). The middle kal refers to kalium, which is Latin for potassium. The end portion of the word, -emia, means "in the blood". Extreme degrees of hyperkalemia are considered a medical emergency due to the risk of potentially fatal arrhythmias.

Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Heart failure, volume depletion
Chemical / poisoning	Ammonium Bifluoride, arsenicals, fluoride toxicity, foxglove poisoning, oleander poisoning, tungsten, white chameleon poisoning
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	ACE inhibitors, acetylsalicylic Acid, aldosterone antagonists, amiloride, angiotensin receptor blockers, beta blockers, celecoxib, cyclosporine, diazoxide, digoxin, eplerenone, epsilon amino caproic acid (EACA), erythropoietin, heparin, ibuprofen, indomethacin, isoflurane, ketoprofen, low-molecular weight heparin, mannitol, melarsoprol, methotrexate, minoxidil, naproxen, pancuronium bromide, pimecrolimus, potassium chloride, potassium citrate, propofol infusion syndrome, sodium thiopental, somatostatin therapy, spironolactone, succinylcholine, suxamethonium, tacrolimus, triamterene, trimethoprim
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	ACTH Deficiency, addisonian crisis, addison's disease, adrenal gland disorders, adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3, autoimmune adrenalitis, congenital adrenal hyperplasia -- sodium-wasting form, diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia, hypoadrenocorticism -- hypoparathyroidism -- moniliasis, hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Cirrhosis, gastrointestinal bleeding
Genetic	18-Hydroxylase deficiency, congenital adrenal hyperplasia type 3, congenital adrenal hyperplasia -- sodium-wasting form, isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency, lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1, pseudohypoaldosteronism type 2
Hematologic	Hemolytic anemia, leukaemia, leukocytosis, sickle cell disease, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, congenital
Iatrogenic	Oxalate blood sample, blood transfusion and complications, cuffed blood sample, delayed separation blood sample, drip arm sample, EDTA blood sample, hemolysed blood sample, IV fluids containing potassium, using clenched fist while collection of blood
Infectious Disease	HIV infection
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Muscle damage, muscle wasting
Neurologic	Amelo-cerebro-hypohidrotic syndrome, Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome
Nutritional / Metabolic	Arginine hydrochloride, high Potassium diet, Malnutrition
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	Acidosis, acute glomerulonephritis, acute renal failure, chronic interstitial nephritis, chronic renal failure, diabetic nephropathy, distal chloride shunt, distal renal tubular acidosis type IV, Gordon's syndrome, hemolytic uremic syndrome, hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, hyperkalemic Renal tubular acidosis, hypernatremia, hyperosmolality, hyperphosphataemia, lupus nephritis, obstructive uropathy, polycystic kidney disease, Familial pseudohyperkalemia-due to red cell leak, Distal renal tubular acidosis type 1, transplanted kidneys, tubulointerstitial disease, urinary tract obstruction, urolithiasis, hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism, amyloidosis - Renal
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune adrenalitis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	crush syndrome
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Amyloidosis - Renal, burns, dehydration, fasting, hypothermia, internal bleeding, intravenous infusion, malignant hyperpyrexia, phlebotomy complication, rhabdomyolysis, sea snake poisoning, selective impairment of potassium excretion, strenuous exercise, transplant rejection, tumor lysis syndrome, ureterojejunostomy

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Indomethacin
Internal bleeding
Intravenous infusion
Isoflurane
Isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency
IV fluids containing Potassium
Ketoprofen
Kohlschutter-Tonz syndrome
Leukaemia
Leukocytosis
Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Low-molecular weight heparin
Lupus nephritis
Malignant hyperpyrexia
Malnutrition
Mannitol
Melarsoprol
Methotrexate
Minoxidil
Muscle damage
Muscle wasting
Naproxen
Obstructive uropathy
Oleander Poisoning
Oxalate blood sample
Pancuronium bromide
Phlebotomy complication^[2]
Pimecrolimus
Polycystic kidney disease
Potassium chloride
Potassium citrate
Propofol infusion syndrome
Pseudohyperkalaemia, familial, due to red cell leak ^[3]
Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1
Pseudohypoaldosteronism type II
Pyrimidifen
Renal tubular acidosis, distal-type 1
Renal tubular acidosis, distal-type 4
Rhabdomyolysis
Sea snake poisoning
Selective impairment of potassium excretion
Sickle cell disease
Sodium thiopental
Somatostatin therapy
Spironolactone
Strenuous exercise
Succinylcholine
Suxamethonium
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Tacrolimus
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-congenital
Thrombocytosis
Transplant rejection
Transplanted kidneys
Triamterene
Trimethoprim
Tubulointerstitial disease
Tumor lysis syndrome
Tungsten
Ureterojejunostomy
Urinary tract obstruction
Urolithiasis
Using clenched fist while collection of blood
Volume depletion
White Chameleon poisoning

References

↑ Sevastos N et al. (2006) Pseudohyperkalemia in serum: the phenomenon and its clinical magnitude. J Lab Clin Med, 147(3):139-44; PMID 16503244.
↑ Don BR et al. (1990) Pseudohyperkalemia caused by fist clenching during phlebotomy. N Engl J Med, 322(18):1290-2; PMID 2325722.
↑ Iolascon A et al. (1999) Familial pseudohyperkalemia maps to the same locus as dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis. Blood, 93(9):3120-3; PMID 10216110.

Template:WH Template:WS

[1] Sevastos N et al. (2006) Pseudohyperkalemia in serum: the phenomenon and its clinical magnitude. J Lab Clin Med, 147(3):139-44; PMID 16503244.

[2] Don BR et al. (1990) Pseudohyperkalemia caused by fist clenching during phlebotomy. N Engl J Med, 322(18):1290-2; PMID 2325722.

[3] Iolascon A et al. (1999) Familial pseudohyperkalemia maps to the same locus as dehydrated hereditary stomatocytosis. Blood, 93(9):3120-3; PMID 10216110.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 ==Overview==
+[[Hyperkalemia]] is an elevated [[blood]] level (above 5.0 mmol/L) of the [[electrolyte]] [[potassium]]. The prefix ''hyper-'' means high (contrast with ''hypo-'', meaning low).  The middle ''kal'' refers to ''kalium'', which is [[Latin]] for [[potassium]].  The end portion of the word, ''-emia'', means "in the blood". Extreme degrees of [[hyperkalemia]] are considered a [[medical emergency]] due to the risk of potentially fatal [[arrhythmia]]s.
 ==Causes==
 ===Common Causes===
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 * [[Addisonian crisis]]
 * [[Beta blockers]]
-* [[Blood transfusion]] and complications
+* [[Blood transfusion]]
 * [[Cirrhosis]]
 * [[Diabetic nephropathy]]
@@ Line 27: / Line 27: @@
 {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Heart failure]], [[Volume depletion]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Heart failure]], [[volume depletion]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ammonium Bifluoride]], [[Arsenicals]], [[Fluoride]] toxicity, [[Foxglove]] [[Poisoning]], [[Oleander]] [[Poisoning]], [[Tungsten]], [[White Chameleon]] [[Poisoning]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ammonium Bifluoride]], [[arsenicals]], [[fluoride]] toxicity, [[foxglove]] [[poisoning]], [[oleander]] [[poisoning]], [[tungsten]], [[white chameleon]] [[poisoning]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACE inhibitors]], [[Acetylsalicylic Acid]], [[Aldosterone antagonists]], [[Amiloride]], [[Angiotensin receptor blockers]], [[Beta blockers]], [[Celecoxib]], [[Cyclosporine]], [[Diazoxide]], [[Digoxin]], [[Eplerenone]], [[Epsilon amino caproic acid]] ([[EACA]]), [[Erythropoietin]], [[Heparin]], [[Ibuprofen]], [[Indomethacin]], [[Isoflurane]], [[Ketoprofen]], [[Low-molecular weight heparin]], [[Mannitol]], [[Melarsoprol]], [[Methotrexate]], [[Minoxidil]], [[Naproxen]], [[Pancuronium bromide]], [[Pimecrolimus]], [[Potassium chloride]], [[Potassium citrate]], [[Propofol infusion syndrome]], [[Sodium thiopental]], [[Somatostatin]] therapy, [[Spironolactone]], [[Succinylcholine]], [[Suxamethonium]], [[Tacrolimus]], [[Triamterene]], [[Trimethoprim]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACE inhibitors]], [[acetylsalicylic Acid]], [[aldosterone antagonists]], [[amiloride]], [[angiotensin receptor blockers]], [[beta blockers]], [[celecoxib]], [[cyclosporine]], [[diazoxide]], [[digoxin]], [[eplerenone]], [[epsilon amino caproic acid]] ([[EACA]]), [[erythropoietin]], [[heparin]], [[ibuprofen]], [[indomethacin]], [[isoflurane]], [[ketoprofen]], [[low-molecular weight heparin]], [[mannitol]], [[melarsoprol]], [[methotrexate]], [[minoxidil]], [[naproxen]], [[pancuronium bromide]], [[pimecrolimus]], [[potassium chloride]], [[potassium citrate]], [[propofol infusion syndrome]], [[sodium thiopental]], [[somatostatin]] therapy, [[spironolactone]], [[succinylcholine]], [[suxamethonium]], [[tacrolimus]], [[triamterene]], [[trimethoprim]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACTH Deficiency]], [[Addisonian crisis]], [[Addison's disease]], [[Adrenal gland disorders]], [[Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3]], [[Autoimmune adrenalitis]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] -- sodium-wasting form, [[Diabetes]], [[Diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[Hyperglycemia]], Hypoadrenocorticism -- [[hypoparathyroidism]] -- [[moniliasis]], [[Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism]], [[Isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency]], [[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], [[Pseudohypoaldosteronism]] type 1, [[Pseudohypoaldosteronism]] type 2
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[ACTH Deficiency]], [[addisonian crisis]], [[addison's disease]], [[adrenal gland disorders]], [[adrenal hyperplasia, congenital type 3]], [[autoimmune adrenalitis]], [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] -- sodium-wasting form, [[diabetes]], [[diabetic ketoacidosis]], [[hyperglycemia]], hypoadrenocorticism -- [[hypoparathyroidism]] -- [[moniliasis]], [[hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism]], [[isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency]], [[lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], [[pseudohypoaldosteronism]] type 1, [[pseudohypoaldosteronism]] type 2
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 55: / Line 55: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cirrhosis]], [[Gastrointestinal bleeding]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cirrhosis]], [[gastrointestinal bleeding]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[18-Hydroxylase deficiency]], [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] type 3, [[Congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] -- sodium-wasting form, [[Isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency]], [[Lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], [[Pseudohypoaldosteronism]] type 1, [[Pseudohypoaldosteronism]] type 2
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[18-Hydroxylase deficiency]], [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] type 3, [[congenital adrenal hyperplasia]] -- sodium-wasting form, [[isolated aldosterone synthase deficiency]], [[lipoid congenital adrenal hyperplasia]], [[pseudohypoaldosteronism]] type 1, [[pseudohypoaldosteronism]] type 2
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemolytic anemia]], [[Leukaemia]], [[Leukocytosis]], [[Sickle cell disease]], [[Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], congenital
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hemolytic anemia]], [[leukaemia]], [[leukocytosis]], [[sickle cell disease]], [[thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura]], congenital
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Oxalate blood sample]],  [[Blood transfusion and complications]], [[Cuffed blood sample]], [[Delayed separation blood sample]], [[Drip arm sample]], [[EDTA blood sample]], [[Hemolysed blood sample]], [[IV fluids containing potassium]], [[Using clenched fist while  collection of blood]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"|  [[Oxalate blood sample]],  [[blood transfusion and complications]], [[cuffed blood sample]], [[delayed separation blood sample]], [[drip arm sample]], [[EDTA blood sample]], [[hemolysed blood sample]], [[IV fluids containing potassium]], [[using clenched fist while collection of blood]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 75: / Line 75: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Muscle damage]], [[Muscle wasting]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Muscle damage]], [[muscle wasting]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 83: / Line 83: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional / Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arginine hydrochloride]], Increased ingestion of high [[Potassium]] foods, Increased ingestion of [[Potassium]] containing drugs, [[Malnutrition]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Arginine hydrochloride]], high [[Potassium]] diet, [[Malnutrition]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 111: / Line 111: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acidosis]], [[Acute glomerulonephritis]], [[Acute renal failure]], Chronic [[Interstitial nephritis]], [[Chronic renal failure]], [[Diabetic nephropathy]], [[Distal chloride shunt]], Distal [[renal tubular acidosis]] type IV, [[Gordon's syndrome]], [[Hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]], Hyperkalemic [[Renal tubular acidosis]], [[Hypernatremia]], [[Hyperosmolality]], [[Hyperphosphataemia]], [[Lupus nephritis]], [[Obstructive uropathy]], [[Polycystic kidney disease]], Familial [[Pseudohyperkalemia]]-due to red cell leak, Distal [[Renal tubular acidosis]] type 1, [[Transplanted kidneys]], [[Tubulointerstitial disease]], [[Urinary tract obstruction]], [[Urolithiasis]], [[Hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism]], [[Amyloidosis]] - Renal
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acidosis]], [[acute glomerulonephritis]], [[acute renal failure]], chronic [[interstitial nephritis]], [[chronic renal failure]], [[diabetic nephropathy]], [[distal chloride shunt]], distal [[renal tubular acidosis]] type IV, [[Gordon's syndrome]], [[hemolytic uremic syndrome]], [[hyperkalemic periodic paralysis]], hyperkalemic [[Renal tubular acidosis]], [[hypernatremia]], [[hyperosmolality]], [[hyperphosphataemia]], [[lupus nephritis]], [[obstructive uropathy]], [[polycystic kidney disease]], Familial [[pseudohyperkalemia]]-due to red cell leak, Distal [[renal tubular acidosis]] type 1, [[transplanted kidneys]], [[tubulointerstitial disease]], [[urinary tract obstruction]], [[urolithiasis]], [[hyporeninemic hypoaldosteronism]], [[amyloidosis]] - Renal
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[Autoimmune adrenalitis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[autoimmune adrenalitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crush syndrome]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[crush syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 135: / Line 135: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]] - Renal, [[Burns]], [[Dehydration]], [[Fasting]], [[Hypothermia]], [[Internal bleeding]], [[Intravenous infusion]], [[Malignant hyperpyrexia]], [[Phlebotomy]] complication, [[Rhabdomyolysis]], [[Sea snake poisoning]], [[Selective impairment of potassium excretion]], [[Strenuous exercise]], [[Transplant rejection]], [[Tumor lysis syndrome]], [[Ureterojejunostomy]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]] - Renal, [[burns]], [[dehydration]], [[fasting]], [[hypothermia]], [[internal bleeding]], [[intravenous infusion]], [[malignant hyperpyrexia]], [[phlebotomy]] complication, [[rhabdomyolysis]], [[sea snake poisoning]], [[selective impairment of potassium excretion]], [[strenuous exercise]], [[transplant rejection]], [[tumor lysis syndrome]], [[ureterojejunostomy]]
 |-
 |}