Disequilibrium: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 19:49, 30 July 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Synonyms and keywords: Loss of balance; imbalance; off balance; unsteadiness

Overview

Disequilibrium refers to an impaired sense or absence of balance or equilibrioception, which primarily occurs during standing or walking usually without any cephalic sensations like headache, nausea and vomiting. It is one among the causes of dizziness^[1] and is often accompanied by spatial disorientation.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmia, arteriosclerosis, cardiomyopathy, congestive cardiac failure, dehydration, hypertension, hypotension, microscopic polyangiitis, past myocardial infarction, postural hypotension, rapidly assuming an upright position, transient ischaemic attack, vasculitic neuropathy, vertebrobasilar dissection
Chemical/Poisoning	Acrylamide, arsenic, gamma-diketone hexacarbons, heavy metals, inhalation of irritants, konzo, lead, mercury, methanol, organophosphates, salicylate poisoning, toxic neuropathy
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Aminophylline, amiodarone, amphotericin B, antihypertensives, antibiotics, anticholinergics, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, aspirin, aurothioglucose, biguanide, bortezomib, capecitabine, carbachol, carbon tetrachloride, celecoxib, chlorpheniramine, cinnarizine, cisplatin, clomifene, colchicine, dapsone, diphenhydramine, disulfiram, diuretics, ethambutol, ethotoin, fluorouracil, hydralazine, hydroxyzine, isoniazid, ixabepilone, lamivudine, leflunomide, linezolid, lithium, mefloquine, melarsoprol, metronidazole, nalidixic acid , neuroleptics, nitrofurantoin, nortriptyline, nucleoside analogues, oxaliplatin, paclitaxel, phenylbutazone, phenytoin, physostigmine, postvaccinal, prochlorperazine, pyridoxine, rofecoxib, sedatives, stavudine, suramin, taxol, thallium, toluene, trabectedin, tranquilizers, verteporfin, vigabatrin, vincristine
Ear Nose Throat	Impaired hearing
Endocrine	Acromegaly, diabetes mellitus, diabetic amyotrophy, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic radiculopathy, hyperthyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, hypothyroidism, phaeochromocytoma
Environmental	Altitude sickness, cold exposure, electrical injury, heat stroke, lathyrism
Gastroenterologic	Celiac disease, chronic liver disease, hepatic cirrhosis, hepatic myelopathy , intestinal fistula, primary biliary cirrhosis, pyloric stenosis, topical sprue, viral hepatitis
Genetic	3-methylglutaconic aciduria, 4H syndrome, abetalipoproteinemia, adrenoleukodystrophy, adrenomyeloneuropathy, alpha-mannosidase deficiency, alpha-methylacyl-CoA racemase deficiency, Andermann syndrome, argininosuccinic aciduria, arylsulphatase a deficiency, aspartoacylase deficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia, ATP6V0A2-related cutis laxa, bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria, biotinidase deficiency, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a, CCFDN syndrome, Charlevoix-Saguenay spastic ataxia, Christianson syndrome, Coach syndrome, Cockayne syndrome, coenzyme Q10 deficiency, dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy, Fabry's disease, familial alphalipoprotein deficiency, Friedrich's ataxia, Gamstorp-Wohlfart syndrome, glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, GM2 gangliosidosis, Griscelli syndrome type 2, Haw river syndrome, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, Huntington disease, hypobetalipoproteinemia, Joubert syndrome, Loken senior syndrome, Marinesco-Sjogren syndrome, MELAS, MERRF, multiple carboxylase deficiency, Navajo neurohepatopathy, phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Refsum disease, Revesz syndrome, Roussy-Levy disease, Sandhoff disease , SeSAME syndrome, Silver syndrome, Troyer syndrome, Unverricht-Lundborg disease, Van der Knaap disease, Von Hippel-Lindau syndrome
Hematologic	Anemia, glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency, haemochromatosis, leukemia, multiple myeloma, pernicious anemia, polycythemia vera, sideroblastic anemia , solitary plasmacytoma
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, acute necrotizing myelopathy, acute viral myelitis, borrelia burgdorferi, botulism, brainstem encephalitis, brucellosis, cerebellar abscess, chickenpox, coxsackie disease, cysticercosis, cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy, diphtheria, encephalomyelitis, endophthalmitis, epidural abscess, epstein-barr virus, Guillain-Barré syndrome, herpes simplex, herpes zoster, HIV, infectious cerebellitis, leprosy, lyme disease, malaria, meningoencephalitis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, ophthalmia neonatorum, osteomyelitis, polymyositis, schistosoma, septic arthritis, septicemia, syphilis, tick paralysis, transient synovitis, treponema pallidum, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, viral hepatitis
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	Carpal tunnel syndrome, Charcot-Marie-tooth disease, chondroma, compartment syndrome, connective tissue disease, dermatomyosistis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Ewing's sarcoma, femoral neuropathy, hereditary neuralgic amyotrophy, herniated vertebral disc, leg fractures, muscle weakness, osteoarthritis, osteochondroma, osteoma, osteomyelitis, osteosarcoma, Pagets disease, peroneal compression at the fibular neck, Perthes disease, septic arthritis, slipped upper femoral epiphysis, tarsal tunnel syndrome , transient synovitis
Neurologic	Acoustic neuroma, acute necrotizing myelopathy, acute viral myelitis, alcoholic polyneuropathy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad)-associated cerebellar ataxia, Arnold-Chiari malformation, ataxia-oculomotor apraxia, basilar migraine, benign paroxysmal vertigo, brainstem encephalitis, carotid-cavernous fistula, cerebellar abscess, cerebellar aplasia, dysplasia, or hypoplasia, cerebellar ataxia, cerebellar degeneration, cerebellar dyssynergia, cerebellar hemorrhage, cerebellar tumors, cerebellar vermis agenesis, cerebral palsy, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, cerebrovascular disease, ceroid lipofuscinosis, cervical spondylosis, Christianson syndrome, cockayne syndrome, confusional state, copper deficiency myeloneuropathy, cortical visual impairment, Creutzfeldt Jakob disease, cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy, Dandy-Walker syndrome, deafferentation, decompression sickness myelopathy, Déjerine-Sottas neuropathy, dementia, demyelination, diabetic amyotrophy, diabetic radiculopathy, diffuse sclerosis of schilder, distal hereditary neuronopathy, dural arteriovenous fistula, dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica, encephalocele, encephalomyelitis, epidural abscess, epilepsy, episodic ataxia, familial Danish dementia, familial hemiplegic migraine, fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence, Friedrich's ataxia, Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome, giant axonal neuropathy, Haw River syndrome, hepatic myelopathy, hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies, hereditary ataxia, hereditary liability to pressure palsy, hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy, hereditary spastic paraplegias, herniated vertebral disc, hypomyelination, hypoxia, idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy, idiopathic small fiber neuropathy, infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia, infectious cerebellitis, intracranial space-occupying lesion, intramedullary spinal arteriovenous malformations, Kearns-Sayre syndrome, Klumpke paralysis, lathyrism, Leigh syndrome, lower motor neuron weakness, lumbosacral plexitis, Machado-Joseph Azorean disease, meningoencephalitis, meralgia paresthetica, migraine, mitochondrial ataxia, motor neuron syndrome, multifocal motor neuropathy, multiple lentigines syndrome, multiple sclerosis, multiple sensory defect dizziness, multiple system atrophy syndromes, myasthenia gravis, myelopathy, NARP syndrome, neurofibromatosis, normal pressure hydrocephalus, nothnagel claude syndrome, obturator neuropathy, olivopontocerebellar atrophy, orthostatic myoclonus, pantothenate kinase, paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration, paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy, Parkinson disease, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease, peripheral neuropathy, polyrediculitis, posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome, posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome , raised intracranial pressure, Sandhoff disease, sciatic neuropathy, spinal cord tumors, spinal epidural hematoma, spinocerebellar ataxias, stroke, subacute combined degeneration, subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy, subacute sensory neuronopathy, superior orbital fissure syndrome, syringobulbia, syringomyelia, transient ischaemic attack, transverse myelitis, Unverricht-Lundborg disease, upper motor neuron weakness, urination, Van der Knaap disease, vasculitic neuropathy, vasovagal attacks, vestibular disorder
Nutritional/Metabolic	Acute intermittent porphyria, alpha-mannosidase deficiency, alpha-methylacyl-coa racemase deficiency, argininosuccinic aciduria, arylsulphatase a deficiency, aspartoacylase deficiency, beri-beri, carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency, carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a, Chester porphyria, citrullinemia, cytosine arabinoside, d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, erythropoietic protoporphyria, GM2 gangliosidosis, Hartnup disease, homocitrullinuria syndrome, hypobetalipoproteinemia, hypocalcemia, hypoglycemia, hyponatremia, isovaleric acidemia, L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, Maple syrup urine disease, metabolic acidosis, multiple carboxylase deficiency, nutritional amblyopia, ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency, phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, porphyria, pyruvate carboxylase deficiency, pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, Strachan syndrome, uremia, Wilson disease
Obstetric/Gynecologic	Childbirth, menopause, pregnancy
Oncologic	Acoustic neuroma, cerebellar tumors, chondroma, Ewing's sarcoma, Hodgkin' lymphoma, lung carcinoma, neuroblastoma, neurofibromatosis type 1, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, osteochondroma, osteoma, osteosarcoma, paraneoplastic syndrome, rhadomyosarcoma, solitary plasmacytoma, spinal cord tumors,
Ophthalmologic	Cataract, central serous chorioretinopathy, congenital cataract, cortical visual impairment, endophthalmitis, Gillespie syndrome, Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome, hyphema, Miller-Fisher syndrome, ocular ischemic syndrome, ophthalmia neonatorum, orbital mass, progressive external ophthalmoplegia, Purtscher's retinopathy, retinal degeneration, retrolental fibroplasia, visual impairment, vitreous haemorrhage
Overdose/Toxicity	Alcohol toxicity
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Asthma exacerbation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation, diffuse pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion, pneumonia, pneumothorax, pulmonary edema, pulmonary embolism
Renal/Electrolyte	Renal failure
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, ankylosing spondylitis, antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, benign monoclonal gammopathy, connective tissue disease, dermatomyosistis, fibromyalgia, gout, Guillain-Barré syndrome, lymphomatoid granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, mixed connective tissue disease, monoclonal gammopathy, polyarteritis nodosa, pseudogout, Reiter's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, seronegtive arthropathy, Sjögren's syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	Cerebellar hemorrhage, head injury, leg fractures
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Amyloidosis, cryoglobulinemia, dysproteinemia, emotions, genaralized weakness, hyperventilation, metachromatic leukodystrophy, multiple hamartoma syndrome, Niemann-Pick disease, old age, pain, paraproteinemia, Salla disease, sarcoidosis, Shy-Drager syndrome, sialidosis, Tay-Sachs disease

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ "Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient". Retrieved 2009-08-06.

Template:WH Template:WS

[urlChapter_14:_Evaluation_of_the_Dizzy_Patient-1] "Chapter 14: Evaluation of the Dizzy Patient". Retrieved 2009-08-06.

[1]

@@ Line 69: / Line 69: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]],  [[acute necrotizing myelopathy]],  [[acute viral myelitis]],  [[alcoholic polyneuropathy]],  [[amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]],  [[anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (gad)-associated cerebellar ataxia]],  [[Arnold-Chiari malformation]],  [[ataxia-oculomotor apraxia]],  [[basilar migraine]],  [[benign paroxysmal vertigo]],  [[brainstem encephalitis]],  [[carotid-cavernous fistula]],  [[cerebellar abscess]],  [[cerebellar aplasia, dysplasia, or hypoplasia]],  [[cerebellar ataxia]],  [[cerebellar degeneration]],  [[cerebellar dyssynergia]],  [[cerebellar hemorrhage]],  [[cerebellar tumors]],  [[cerebellar vermis agenesis]],  [[cerebral palsy]],  [[cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis]],  [[cerebrovascular disease]],  [[ceroid lipofuscinosis]],  [[cervical spondylosis]],  [[Christianson syndrome]],  [[cockayne syndrome]],  [[confusional state]],  [[copper deficiency myeloneuropathy]],  [[cortical visual impairment]],  [[Creutzfeldt Jakob disease]],  [[cytomegalovirus polyradiculopathy]],  [[Dandy-Walker syndrome]],  [[deafferentation]],  [[decompression sickness myelopathy]],  [[Déjerine-Sottas neuropathy]],  [[dementia]],  [[demyelination]],  [[diabetic amyotrophy]],  [[diabetic radiculopathy]],  [[diffuse sclerosis of schilder]],  [[distal hereditary neuronopathy]],  [[dural arteriovenous fistula]],  [[dyssynergia cerebellaris myoclonica]],  [[encephalocele]],  [[encephalomyelitis]],  [[epidural abscess]],  [[epilepsy]],  [[episodic ataxia]],  [[familial Danish dementia]],  [[familial hemiplegic migraine]],  [[fetal akinesia-hypokinesia sequence]],  [[Friedrich's ataxia]],  [[Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker syndrome]],  [[giant axonal neuropathy]],  [[Haw River syndrome]],  [[hepatic myelopathy]],  [[hereditary amyloid polyneuropathies]],  [[hereditary ataxia]],  [[hereditary liability to pressure palsy]],  [[hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy]],  [[hereditary spastic paraplegias]],  [[herniated vertebral disc]],  [[hypomyelination]],  [[hypoxia]],  [[idiopathic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy]],  [[idiopathic small fiber neuropathy]],  [[infantile-onset spinocerebellar ataxia]],  [[infectious cerebellitis]],  [[intracranial space-occupying lesion]],  [[intramedullary spinal arteriovenous malformations]],  [[Kearns-Sayre syndrome]],  [[Klumpke paralysis]],  [[lathyrism]],  [[Leigh syndrome]],  [[lower motor neuron weakness]],  [[lumbosacral plexitis]],  [[Machado-Joseph Azorean disease]],  [[meningoencephalitis]],  [[meralgia paresthetica]],  [[migraine]],  [[mitochondrial ataxia]],  [[motor neuron syndrome]],  [[multifocal motor neuropathy]],  [[multiple lentigines syndrome]],  [[multiple sclerosis]],  [[multiple sensory defect dizziness]],  [[multiple system atrophy syndromes]],  [[myasthenia gravis]],  [[myelopathy]],  [[NARP  syndrome]],  [[neurofibromatosis]],  [[normal pressure hydrocephalus]],  [[nothnagel claude syndrome]],  [[obturator neuropathy]],  [[olivopontocerebellar atrophy]],  [[orthostatic myoclonus]],  [[pantothenate kinase]],  [[paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration]],  [[paraneoplastic sensory neuropathy]],  [[Parkinson disease]],  [[Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease]],  [[peripheral neuropathy]],  [[polyrediculitis]],  [[posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome]],  [[posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome ]],  [[raised intracranial pressure]],  [[Sandhoff disease]],  [[sciatic neuropathy]],  [[spinal cord tumors]],  [[spinal epidural hematoma]],  [[spinocerebellar ataxias]],  [[stroke]],  [[subacute combined degeneration]],  [[subacute necrotising encephalomyelopathy]],  [[subacute sensory neuronopathy]],  [[superior orbital fissure syndrome]],  [[syringobulbia]],  [[syringomyelia]],  [[transient ischaemic attack]],  [[transverse myelitis]],  [[Unverricht-Lundborg disease]],  [[upper motor neuron weakness]],  [[urination]],  [[Van der Knaap disease]],  [[vasculitic neuropathy]],  [[vasovagal attacks]],  [[vestibular disorder]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Nutritional/Metabolic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute intermittent porphyria]],  [[alpha-mannosidase deficiency]],  [[alpha-methylacyl-coa racemase deficiency]],  [[argininosuccinic aciduria]],  [[arylsulphatase a deficiency]],  [[aspartoacylase deficiency]],  [[beri-beri]],  [[carbamoylphosphate synthetase deficiency]],  [[carbohydrate deficient glycoprotein syndrome type 1a]],  [[Chester porphyria]],  [[citrullinemia]],  [[cytosine arabinoside]],  [[d-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]],  [[erythropoietic protoporphyria]],  [[GM2 gangliosidosis]],  [[Hartnup disease]],  [[homocitrullinuria syndrome]],  [[hypobetalipoproteinemia]],  [[hypocalcemia]],  [[hypoglycemia]],  [[hyponatremia]],  [[isovaleric acidemia]],  [[L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase deficiency]],  [[Lesch-Nyhan syndrome]],  [[Maple syrup urine disease]],  [[metabolic acidosis]],  [[multiple carboxylase deficiency]],  [[nutritional amblyopia]],  [[ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency]],  [[phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency]],  [[porphyria]],  [[pyruvate carboxylase deficiency]],  [[pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency]],  [[Strachan syndrome]],  [[uremia]],  [[Wilson disease]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Obstetric/Gynecologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Childbirth]],  [[menopause]],  [[pregnancy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acoustic neuroma]],  [[cerebellar tumors]],  [[chondroma]],  [[Ewing's sarcoma]],  [[Hodgkin' lymphoma]],  [[lung carcinoma]],  [[neuroblastoma]],  [[neurofibromatosis type 1]],  [[non-Hodgkin's lymphoma]],  [[osteochondroma]],  [[osteoma]],  [[osteosarcoma]],  [[paraneoplastic syndrome]],  [[rhadomyosarcoma]],  [[solitary plasmacytoma]],  [[spinal cord tumors]],
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ophthalmologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cataract]],  [[central serous chorioretinopathy]],  [[congenital cataract]],  [[cortical visual impairment]],  [[endophthalmitis]],  [[Gillespie syndrome]],  [[Hoyeraal-Hreidarsson syndrome]],  [[hyphema]],  [[Miller-Fisher syndrome]],  [[ocular ischemic syndrome]],  [[ophthalmia neonatorum]],  [[orbital mass]],  [[progressive external ophthalmoplegia]],  [[Purtscher's retinopathy]],  [[retinal degeneration]],  [[retrolental fibroplasia]],  [[visual impairment]],  [[vitreous haemorrhage]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose/Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol toxicity]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 97: / Line 97: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asthma exacerbation]],  [[chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation]],  [[diffuse pulmonary fibrosis]],  [[pleural effusion]],  [[pneumonia]],  [[pneumothorax]],  [[pulmonary edema]],  [[pulmonary embolism]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal/Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal failure]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis]],  [[ankylosing spondylitis]],  [[antiphospholipid antibody syndrome]],  [[benign monoclonal gammopathy]],  [[connective tissue disease]],  [[dermatomyosistis]],  [[fibromyalgia]],  [[gout]],  [[Guillain-Barré syndrome]],  [[lymphomatoid granulomatosis]],  [[microscopic polyangiitis]],  [[mixed connective tissue disease]],  [[monoclonal gammopathy]],  [[polyarteritis nodosa]],  [[pseudogout]],  [[Reiter's syndrome]],  [[rheumatoid arthritis]],  [[scleroderma]],  [[seronegtive arthropathy]],  [[Sjögren's syndrome]],  [[systemic lupus erythematosus]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 113: / Line 113: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cerebellar hemorrhage]],  [[head injury]],  [[leg fractures]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 121: / Line 121: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amyloidosis]],  [[cryoglobulinemia]],  [[dysproteinemia]],  [[emotions]],  [[genaralized weakness]],  [[hyperventilation]],  [[metachromatic leukodystrophy]],  [[multiple hamartoma syndrome]],  [[Niemann-Pick disease]],  [[old age]],  [[pain]],  [[paraproteinemia]],  [[Salla disease]],  [[sarcoidosis]],  [[Shy-Drager syndrome]],  [[sialidosis]],  [[Tay-Sachs disease]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 591: / Line 591: @@
 == References ==
 {{Reflist|2}}
+[[Category:Signs and symptoms]]
+[[Category:Otolaryngology]]
+[[Category:Neurology]]
+[[Category:Musculoskeletal disorders]]
+[[Category:Up-To-Date]]
 {{WH}}
 {{WS}}