Mitral stenosis causes

Mitral Stenosis Microchapters
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Varun Kumar, M.B.B.S.; Lakshmi Gopalakrishnan, M.B.B.S.; Mohammed A. Sbeih, M.D. [3]

Overview

The majority of cases of mitral stenosis result from rheumatic heart disease, which occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection in genetically susceptible individuals. Some cases may be congenital.

Causes

Common Causes

• Bacterial endocarditis where the vegetations increase the risk of stenosis
• Congenital mitral stenosis
• Mitral annular calcification
• Prosthetic mitral valve
• Radiation treatment to the chest
• Rheumatic heart disease: This is synonymous with rheumatic fever which occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection in genetically susceptible individuals. Rheumatic involvement is found in 99% of stenotic mitral valves evaluated at the time of valve replacement.
• Some medications may cause mitral stenosis

Complete Differential Diagnosis for the Causes of Mitral Stenosis

Cardiovascular	Atrial myxoma that may cause mitral valve obstruction, Bacterial endocarditis where the vegetations may favor increase risk of stenosis, Lutembacher syndrome, Mitral annular calcification, Primary causes of mitral stenosis that emanate from a cleft mitral valve, Prosthetic mitral valve and Rheumatic heart disease which is synonymous with rheumatic fever that occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection in genetically susceptible individuals. Congenital mitral stenosis in which children may be born with mitral stenosis or other birth defects involving the heart that may cause mitral stenosis, such defects include: Double orifice mitral valve, Hypoplasia of mitral valve annulus which is considered part of the spectrum of hypoplastic left heart syndrome, Mitral valve commissural fusion, Shone's syndrome (consists a set of four cardiac defects: Parachute mitral valve, Supra-valve mitral membrane (SVMM), Sub-aortic stenosis and Coarctation of the aorta) and Thickened chordae tendinae.
Chemical / poisoning	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Some medications may cause mitral stenosis, such as Ergot preparations used for migraines and Nitrates.
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	Radiation.
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	Blood clots may obstruct the mitral valve.
Iatrogenic	Radiation treatment to the chest.
Infectious Disease	Bacterial endocarditis where the vegetations may favor increase risk of stenosis.
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Atrial myxoma that may cause mitral valve obstruction.
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal / Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Ankylosing spondylitis and Rheumatic heart disease which is synonymous with rheumatic fever that occurs as a complication of group A streptococcal infection in genetically susceptible individuals.
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Differential Diagnosis of the Causes of Mitral Stenosis

(In alphabetical order)

• Atrial myxoma

• Bacterial endocarditis

• Coarctation of the aorta

• Congenital mitral stenosis

• Cor triatriatum

• Double orifice mitral valve

• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

• Infective endocarditis

• Lutembacher syndrome

• Mitral annular calcification

• Mitral valve annular calcification

• Mitral valve commissural fusion

• Parachute mitral valve

• Prosthetic mitral valve

• Prosthetic mitral valve

• Radiation treatment to the chest

• Rheumatic fever

• Rheumatic heart disease

• Shone's syndrome

• Sub-aortic stenosis

• Supra-valve mitral membrane (SVMM)

• Thickened chordae tendinae

• Thrombus (ball valve thrombus)

• Cleft mitral valve