Atrial flutter causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 00:58, 13 August 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; ; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left atrium. Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories, intrinsic diseases and abnormalities of the heart and diseases elsewhere in the body that can affect the heart. Most common causes of atrial flutter are coronary artery disease, hypertensive heart disease and valve abnormalities of the heart.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, atrial myxoma, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve stenosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, pericarditis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, sick sinus syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical / poisoning	Carbon monoxide poisoning
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Amphetamines, disopyramide, flecainide, lithium, orlistat, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, type Ia, type IIc, and type III antiarrhythmic agents
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis
Genetic	Myotonic dystrophy
Hematologic	Nonimmune hydrops fetalis
Iatrogenic	Cardiac surgery, cardiac transplantation, heart bypass surgery, incomplete left atrial ablation procedures, open heart surgery, post atrial fibrillation ablation, temporary cardiac pacing
Infectious Disease	Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, rheumatic fever
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Myotonic dystrophy
Neurologic	Sub arachnoid hemorrhage
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Atrial myxoma, lung cancer
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Alcohol (especially binge drinking), caffeine, cocaine, digitalis toxicity
Psychiatric	Anxiety
Pulmonary	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, hypoxia, lung cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism
Renal / Electrolyte	Electrolyte imbalance
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Ankylosing spondylitis, luvenile onset spondyloarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, spondyloarthritis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Sarcoidosis, stress

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ (2012). "Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease". Congenit Heart Dis. doi:10.1111/chd.12031. PMID 23280242. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T; et al. (2012). "Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry". J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1111/jce.12059. PMID 23279349. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P (2012). "Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 12 (6): 284–9. PMC 3513242. PMID 23233762. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid23280242-1] Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ (2012). "Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease". Congenit Heart Dis. doi:10.1111/chd.12031. PMID 23280242. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23279349-2] Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T; et al. (2012). "Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry". J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1111/jce.12059. PMID 23279349. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23233762-3] Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P (2012). "Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 12 (6): 284–9. PMC 3513242. PMID 23233762. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 __NOTOC__
 {{Atrial flutter}}
-{{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{RT}}
+{{CMG}}; ; {{VR}}
 ==Overview==
@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 ==Causes==
+===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+*
 ===Common Causes===
-* [[Myocardial ischemia]]
 * [[Acute coronary syndromes]]
+* [[Congenital heart disease]]
+* [[COPD]]
 * [[Hypertension]]
-* [[Mitral valve]] abnormalities
-* [[Congenital heart disease]]<ref name="pmid23280242">{{cite journal |author=Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ |title=Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease |journal=Congenit Heart Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23280242 |doi=10.1111/chd.12031 |url=}}</ref>
 * [[Hyperthyroidism]]
-* [[COPD]]
+* [[Mitral valve diseases]]<ref name="pmid23280242">{{cite journal |author=Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ |title=Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease |journal=Congenit Heart Dis |volume= |issue= |pages= |year=2012 |month=December |pmid=23280242 |doi=10.1111/chd.12031 |url=}}</ref>
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Atherosclerosis]], [[Atrial myxoma]], [[Cardiomyopathy]], Cardiac surgery (scarring), [[Congenital heart disease]], [[Congestive heart failure]], [[Heart attack]], [[Hypertension]], [[LV hypertrophy]], Left ventricular hypertrabeculation/noncompaction (LVHT), [[Mitral valve prolapse]], [[Mitral regurgitation]], [[Myocardial ischemia]], [[Pericarditis]], [[Rheumatic fever|Rheumatic heart valve]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aortic regurgitation]],  [[aortic stenosis]],  [[atrial myxoma]],  [[cardiomyopathy]],  [[congenital heart disease]],  [[congestive heart failure]],  [[coronary artery disease]],  [[dilated cardiomyopathy]],  [[hypertension]],  [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],  [[ischemic heart disease]],  [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]],  [[mitral regurgitation]],  [[mitral valve prolapse]],  [[mitral valve stenosis]],  [[myocardial infarction]],  [[myocardial ischemia]],  [[neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]],  [[pericarditis]],  [[rheumatic fever]],  [[rheumatic heart disease]],  [[sick sinus syndrome]],  [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Carbon monoxide poisoning]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 32: / Line 36: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amphetamines]], Diet pills
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amphetamines]],  [[disopyramide]],  [[flecainide]],  [[lithium]],  [[orlistat]],  [[procainamide]],  [[propafenone]],  [[quinidine]],  [[type Ia, type IIc, and type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 40: / Line 44: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Diabetes]], [[Hyperthyroidism]], [[Obesity]], [[Pheochromocytoma]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hyperthyroidism]],  [[pheochromocytoma]],  [[thyrotoxicosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 48: / Line 52: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Crohn's disease]],  [[ulcerative colitis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac surgery]],  [[cardiac transplantation]],  [[heart bypass surgery]],  [[incomplete left atrial ablation procedures]],  [[open heart surgery]],  [[post atrial fibrillation ablation]],  [[temporary cardiac pacing]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]],  [[rheumatic fever]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myotonic dystrophy]] (rare)
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Myotonic dystrophy]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sub arachnoid hemorrhage]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 84: / Line 88: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Atrial myxoma]],  [[lung cancer]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 92: / Line 96: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Digitalis toxicity]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol (especially binge drinking)]],  [[caffeine]],  [[cocaine]],  [[digitalis toxicity]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Psychiatric'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Anxiety]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]] ([[COPD]]), [[Hypoxia]], [[Pulmonary embolism]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]],  [[emphysema]],  [[hypoxia]],  [[lung cancer]],  [[obstructive sleep apnea]],  [[pneumonia]],  [[pulmonary embolism]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 108: / Line 112: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]],  [[luvenile onset spondyloarthritis]],  [[psoriatic arthritis]],  [[reactive arthritis]],  [[spondyloarthritis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 128: / Line 132: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol consumption]], [[Caffeine]], [[Cocaine]], [[Sarcoidosis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sarcoidosis]],  [[stress]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 168: / Line 172: @@
 *[[Ischemic heart disease]]
 *[[Juvenile onset spondyloarthritis]]
-*[[Left ventricular hypertrophy]]
 *[[Lithium]]
 *[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]