Atrial flutter causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 01:22, 13 August 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; ; Vendhan Ramanujam M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Atrial flutter is caused by a re-entrant rhythm in either the right or left atrium. Causes of atrial flutter can be grouped into two categories, intrinsic diseases and abnormalities of the heart and diseases elsewhere in the body that can affect the heart. Most common causes of atrial flutter are coronary artery disease, hypertensive heart disease and valve abnormalities of the heart.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis, atrial myxoma, cardiomyopathy, congenital heart disease, congestive heart failure, coronary artery disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertension, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease, Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome, mitral regurgitation, mitral valve prolapse, mitral valve stenosis, myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia, neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, pericarditis, rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease, sick sinus syndrome, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome
Chemical / poisoning	Carbon monoxide poisoning
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	Amphetamines, disopyramide, flecainide, lithium, orlistat, procainamide, propafenone, quinidine, type Ia antiarrhythmic agents, type Ic antiarrhythmic agents, type III antiarrhythmic agents
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	Hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, thyrotoxicosis
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis
Genetic	Myotonic dystrophy
Hematologic	Nonimmune hydrops fetalis
Iatrogenic	Cardiac surgery, cardiac transplantation, heart bypass surgery, incomplete left atrial ablation procedures, open heart surgery, post atrial fibrillation ablation, temporary cardiac pacing
Infectious Disease	Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis, rheumatic fever
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Myotonic dystrophy
Neurologic	Subarachnoid hemorrhage
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Atrial myxoma, lung cancer
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	Alcohol (especially binge drinking), caffeine, cocaine, digitalis toxicity
Psychiatric	Anxiety
Pulmonary	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, hypoxia, lung cancer, obstructive sleep apnea, pneumonia, pulmonary embolism
Renal / Electrolyte	Electrolyte imbalance
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Ankylosing spondylitis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, reactive arthritis, spondyloarthritis
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	Sarcoidosis, stress

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

↑ Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ (2012). "Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease". Congenit Heart Dis. doi:10.1111/chd.12031. PMID 23280242. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T; et al. (2012). "Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry". J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1111/jce.12059. PMID 23279349. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
↑ Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P (2012). "Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 12 (6): 284–9. PMC 3513242. PMID 23233762. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

Template:WH Template:WS

[pmid23280242-1] Gutierrez SD, Earing MG, Singh AK, Tweddell JS, Bartz PJ (2012). "Atrial Tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze Procedure in Congenital Heart Disease". Congenit Heart Dis. doi:10.1111/chd.12031. PMID 23280242. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23279349-2] Fukamizu S, Sakurada H, Hayashi T; et al. (2012). "Macroreentrant Atrial Tachycardia in Patients without Previous Atrial Surgery or Catheter Ablation: Clinical and Electrophysiological Characteristics of Scar-Related Left Atrial Anterior Wall Reentry". J. Cardiovasc. Electrophysiol. doi:10.1111/jce.12059. PMID 23279349. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[pmid23233762-3] Namboodiri N, Stiles MK, Young GD, Sanders P (2012). "Electrophysiological features of atrial flutter in cardiac sarcoidosis: a report of two cases". Indian Pacing Electrophysiol J. 12 (6): 284–9. PMC 3513242. PMID 23233762. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 {|style="width:80%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aortic regurgitation]],  [[aortic stenosis]],  [[atrial myxoma]],  [[cardiomyopathy]],  [[congenital heart disease]],  [[congestive heart failure]],  [[coronary artery disease]],  [[dilated cardiomyopathy]],  [[hypertension]],  [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],  [[ischemic heart disease]],  [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]],  [[mitral regurgitation]],  [[mitral valve prolapse]],  [[mitral valve stenosis]],  [[myocardial infarction]],  [[myocardial ischemia]],  [[neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]],  [[pericarditis]],  [[rheumatic fever]],  [[rheumatic heart disease]],  [[sick sinus syndrome]],  [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Aortic regurgitation]],  [[aortic stenosis]],  [[atrial myxoma]],  [[cardiomyopathy]],  [[congenital heart disease]],  [[congestive heart failure]],  [[coronary artery disease]],  [[dilated cardiomyopathy]],  [[hypertension]],  [[hypertrophic cardiomyopathy]],  [[ischemic heart disease]],  [[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]],  [[mitral regurgitation]],  [[mitral valve prolapse]],  [[mitral valve stenosis]],  [[myocardial infarction]],  [[myocardial ischemia]],  [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]],  [[pericarditis]],  [[rheumatic fever]],  [[rheumatic heart disease]],  [[sick sinus syndrome]],  [[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 36: / Line 36: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amphetamines]],  [[disopyramide]],  [[flecainide]],  [[lithium]],  [[orlistat]],  [[procainamide]],  [[propafenone]],  [[quinidine]],  [[type Ia, type IIc, and type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Amphetamines]],  [[disopyramide]],  [[flecainide]],  [[lithium]],  [[orlistat]],  [[procainamide]],  [[propafenone]],  [[quinidine]],  [[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]],  [[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]],  [[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 60: / Line 60: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Hydrops fetalis|Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]],  [[rheumatic fever]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]],  [[rheumatic fever]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 76: / Line 76: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Neurologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Sub arachnoid hemorrhage]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Overdose / Toxicity'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Alcohol (especially binge drinking)]],  [[caffeine]],  [[cocaine]],  [[digitalis toxicity]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Holiday heart syndrome|Alcohol (especially binge drinking)]],  [[caffeine]],  [[cocaine]],  [[digitalis toxicity]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]],  [[luvenile onset spondyloarthritis]],  [[psoriatic arthritis]],  [[reactive arthritis]],  [[spondyloarthritis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]],  [[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|juvenile idiopathic arthritis]],  [[psoriatic arthritis]],  [[reactive arthritis]],  [[spondyloarthritis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 139: / Line 139: @@
 {{col-begin|width=80%}}
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
-*[[Alcohol (especially binge drinking)]]
+*[[Holiday heart syndrome|Alcohol (especially binge drinking)]]
 *[[Amphetamines]]
 *[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
@@ Line 171: / Line 171: @@
 *[[Incomplete left atrial ablation procedures]]
 *[[Ischemic heart disease]]
-*[[Juvenile onset spondyloarthritis]]
+*[[The heart in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis#3. Systemic onset of juvenile idiopathic arthritis|juvenile idiopathic arthritis]]
 *[[Lithium]]
 *[[Lown-Ganong-Levine syndrome]]
@@ Line 181: / Line 181: @@
 *[[Myocardial ischemia]]
 *[[Myotonic dystrophy]]
-*[[Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
+*[[Coxsackie A virus#Diseases|Neonatal coxsackie myocarditis]]
-*[[Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
+*[[Hydrops fetalis|Nonimmune hydrops fetalis]]
 *[[Obstructive sleep apnea]]
 *[[Open heart surgery]]
@@ Line 203: / Line 203: @@
 *[[Spondyloarthritis]]
 *[[Stress]]
-*[[Sub arachnoid hemorrhage]]
+*[[Subarachnoid hemorrhage]]
 *[[Temporary cardiac pacing]]
 *[[Thyrotoxicosis]]
-*[[Type Ia, type Ic, and type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ia agents|Type Ia antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class Ic agents|Type Ic antiarrhythmic agents]]
+*[[Antiarrhythmic agent#Class III agents|Type III antiarrhythmic agents]]
 *[[Ulcerative colitis]]
 *[[Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome]]