Pericarditis causes: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 05:30, 13 August 2013

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Overview

Pericarditis can present as a disorder primarily involving the pericardium (e.g viral etiologies), as a manifestation of a systemic illness (e.g. autoimmune illnesses), or as a manifestation of a disorder involving an adjacent anatomic structure (e.g. neoplastic).

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	Acute myocardial infarction, aortic rupture, benign obstruction of thoracic duct, dissecting aortic aneurysm, Dresslers syndrome, endocarditis, myocarditis
Chemical / poisoning	Scombrotoxic fish poisoning
Dermatologic	Behcet syndrome
Drug Side Effect	aminosalicylic acid, amiodarone, anticoagulants, bromocriptine, cromolyn sodium, cyclosporine, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dantrolene, daunorubicin, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, hydantoin, hydralazine, isoniazid, mesalazine, methyldopa, methysergide, minoxidil, penicillin, phenylbutazone, practolol, procainamide, procainamide, reserpine, streptokinase, streptomycin, sulfa drugs, thiazides, thiouracil, thrombolytics, tocainide
Ear Nose Throat	Temporal arteritis
Endocrine	Addisonian crisis, hypothyroidism, myxedema
Environmental	Asbestosis, polytetrafluoroethylene inhalation, silicosis
Gastroenterologic	Inflammatory bowel disease, Whipple's disease
Genetic	Gaucher disease, Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome, Mulibrey nanism syndrome, recurrent hereditary polyserositis
Hematologic	Leukemia, lymphoma
Iatrogenic	Cardiac catheterization, cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cathether ablation for arrhythmias, coronary artery bypass grafting, dialysis, heart surgery, pacemaker syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, postpericardiotomy syndrome, radiation therapy, TAVI, thoracic surgery, vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever), valvuloplasty
Infectious Disease	Actinomycosis, adenovirus, alveolar hydatid disease, amebiasis, aspergillus, blastomycosis, borrelia, brucellosis, candida, coccidiomycosis, coxsackie B virus, cytomegalovirus, ECHO virus, E.coli, EBV, echinococcus, echovirus, entamoeba histolytica, francisella, haemophilus influenza, hepatitis B, histoplasmosis, HIV, infectious mononucleosis, influenza, klebsiella, legionella, Lyme disease, meningococci, mumps, mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycoplasma, neisseria, nocardia, pneumococcus, proteus, pseudomonas, rickettsia, salmonella, staphylococcus, streptococcus, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, varicella
Musculoskeletal / Ortho	Ankylosing spondylitis, dermatomyositis, polymyositis, Reiter's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, Still's disease
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional / Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	Breast cancer, carcinoid, fibroma, Kaposi's sarcoma, leukemia, lung cancer, lymphoma, melanoma, mesothelioma, neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium, ovarian cancer, sarcoma, Sipple syndrome
Opthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose / Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	Lung cancer, pneumonia, sarcoidosis
Renal / Electrolyte	Uremic pericarditis
Rheum / Immune / Allergy	Acute rheumatic fever, amyloidosis, ankylosing spondylitis, Behcet syndrome, Dressler's syndrome, familial mediterranean fever, inflammatory bowel disease, Kawasaki disease, mixed connective tissue disease, polyarteritis nodosa, polymyositis, Reiter's Syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, sarcoidosis, scleroderma, Still's disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, temporal arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis
Sexual	Neisseria gonorrhoeae, treponema pallidum
Trauma	Blunt or penetrating chest trauma, esophageal rupture, esophogeal perforation, gastric perforation, pancreatic-pericardial fistula
Urologic	Renal Failure, uremia
Miscellaneous	Idiopathic

Causes in Alphabetical Order

References

Template:WH Template:WS

@@ Line 8: / Line 8: @@
 ==Causes==
 ===Life Threatening Causes===
+Life-threatening causes include conditions which result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.
+*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
+*[[Addisonian crisis]]
+*[[Aortic dissection]]
+*[[Aortic rupture]]
+*[[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]]
+*[[esophageal rupture|Esophogeal perforation]]
+*[[perforation|Gastric perforation]]
 ===Common Causes===
-* [[Neoplastic]] (35%)
+* [[Acute myocardial infarction]]
-* [[Autoimmune]] (23%) - [[RA]], [[SLE]], [[scleroderma]], and [[rheumatic fever]]
+* [[Adenovirus]]
-* [[Viral]] (21%) - [[adenovirus]], [[enterovirus]], [[influenza virus]] etc.
+* [[Aminosalicylic acid]]
-* [[Bacterial]](6%) (other than [[tuberculosis]])
+* [[Amiodarone]]
-* [[Uremia]] (6%)
+* [[Coxsackie B virus]]
-* [[Tuberculosis]] (4%)
+* [[Influenza]]
-* Idiopathic (4%)
+* [[Neoplasm]]
-* (Remaining) [[Trauma]], drugs, [[fungal infection]], [[Dressler's syndrome|post-MI]], [[myocarditis]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[radiation]], [[hypothyroidism]], and [[hypercholesterolemia]]<ref name="maisch">{{cite journal | author= Maisch B, Ristic AD | title= The classification of pericardial disease in the age of modern medicine |journal= Curr Cardiol Rep | year=2002 | pages=13–21 | volume=4 | issue=1 | pmid=11743917 | doi= 10.1007/s11886-002-0121-6}}</ref>
+* [[Renal Failure]]
+* [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
+* [[Sulfa drugs]]
+* [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+* [[Tuberculosis]]
 ===Causes by Organ System===
 {|style="width:70%; height:100px" border="1"
 |style="height:100px"; style="width:25%" border="1" bgcolor="LightSteelBlue" | '''Cardiovascular'''
-|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" |Post-MI pericarditis in the immediate days following [[acute MI]] and [[Dresslers syndrome]] which develops later; [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]]; [[endocarditis]] and underlying [[myocarditis]].
+|style="height:100px"; style="width:75%" border="1" bgcolor="Beige" | [[Acute myocardial infarction]], [[aortic rupture]], [[thoracic duct|benign obstruction of thoracic duct]], [[dissecting aortic aneurysm]], [[Dresslers syndrome]], [[endocarditis]], [[myocarditis]]
-Following cardiovascular procedures such as: cathether ablation for [[arrhythmias]], coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) ([[postpericardiotomy syndrome]]), [[pacemaker]] insertion, [[percutaneous coronary intervention]] with either dissection or perforation of the coronary artery,  [[TAVI]], thoracic surgery (resulting in [[chylopericardium]]), [[valvuloplasty]].
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Chemical / poisoning'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Silicosis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Scombrotoxic fish poisoning]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 36: / Line 46: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Drug Side Effect'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|Usually associated with small effusions.  Common culprits include [[hydralazine]], [[procainamide]], DOH, [[isoniazid]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[dantrolene]], [[doxorubicin]], methylsergide, [[penicillin]].
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[aminosalicylic acid]], [[amiodarone]], [[anticoagulants]], [[bromocriptine]], [[cromolyn sodium]], [[cyclosporine]], [[cyclophosphamide]], [[cytarabine]], [[dantrolene]], [[daunorubicin]], [[doxorubicin]], [[5-fluorouracil]], [[hydantoin]], [[hydralazine]], [[isoniazid]], [[mesalazine]], [[methyldopa]], [[methysergide]], [[minoxidil]], [[penicillin]], [[phenylbutazone]], [[practolol]], [[procainamide]], [[procainamide]], [[reserpine]], [[streptokinase]], [[streptomycin]], [[sulfa drugs]], [[thiazides]], [[thiouracil]], [[thrombolytics]], [[tocainide]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Ear Nose Throat'''
 |bgcolor="Beige"|[[Temporal arteritis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Endocrine'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|Usually in conjunction with clinically severe [[hypothyroidism]].  Most early case reports associated with [[myxedema]] and patients also had [[ascites]], [[pleural effusion]]s and uveal edema. Often resolves with thyroid replacement therapy.  A pericardial effusion can be seen as part of an [[Addisonian crisis]].
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Addisonian crisis]], [[hypothyroidism]], [[myxedema]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Environmental'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Asbestosis]], [[polytetrafluoroethylene|polytetrafluoroethylene inhalation]], [[silicosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Gastroenterologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Whipple's]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Whipple's disease]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Genetic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gaucher disease]], [[Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome]], [[Mulibrey nanism syndrome]], [[Recurrent hereditary polyserositis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Gaucher disease]], [[Jacobsen syndrome|Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome]], [[Mulibrey nanism|Mulibrey nanism syndrome]], [[recurrent hereditary polyserositis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Hematologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leukemia]], [[Lymphoma]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Leukemia]], [[lymphoma]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Iatrogenic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Chylopericardium]] (from [[thoracic duct]] obstruction secondary to tumor, surgical procedure), [[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], [[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]], [[Radiation therapy]], [[Serum sickness]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Cardiac catheterization]], [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]], [[catheter ablation|cathether ablation for arrhythmias]], [[CABG|coronary artery bypass grafting]], [[dialysis]], [[heart surgery]], [[pacemaker syndrome]], [[percutaneous coronary intervention]], [[postpericardiotomy syndrome]], [[radiation therapy]], [[TAVI]], [[thoracic surgery]], [[Vaccines|vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever)]], [[valvuloplasty]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Infectious Disease'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Actinomycosis]], [[adenovirus]], [[alveolar hydatid disease]], [[amebiasis]], [[aspergillus]], [[blastomycosis]], [[borrelia]], [[brucellosis]], [[candida]], [[coccidiomycosis]], [[coxsackie B virus]], [[cytomegalovirus]], [[ECHO virus]], [[E.coli]], [[EBV]], [[echinococcus]], [[echovirus]], [[entamoeba histolytica]], [[francisella]], [[haemophilus influenza]], [[hepatitis B]], [[histoplasmosis]], [[HIV]], [[infectious mononucleosis]], [[influenza]], [[klebsiella]], [[legionella]], [[Lyme disease]], [[meningococci]], [[mumps]], [[mycobacterium tuberculosis]], [[mycoplasma]], [[neisseria]], [[nocardia]], [[pneumococcus]], [[proteus]], [[pseudomonas]], [[rickettsia]], [[salmonella]], [[staphylococcus]], [[streptococcus]], [[toxoplasmosis]], [[tularemia]], [[varicella]]
-'''Bacterial:''' [[Pneumococcus]], [[Streptococcus]] and [[Staphylococcus]] are most common.  Also [[Borrelia]],[[Brucellosis]], [[E.coli]], [[Francisella]], [[Haemophilus influenza]], [[Klebsiella]], [[Legionella]](preodominantly by hematogenous spread and approximately 20% by contiguous spread.  Usually these patients are quite ill), [[Meningococci]], [[Neisseria]], [[Proteus]], [[Psuedomonas]], [[Salmonella]], [[Tularemia]].
-'''Fungal:''' [[Actinomycosis]], [[Amebiasis]], [[Aspergillus]], [[Blastomycosis]], [[Candida]], [[Coccidiomycosis]],[[Echinococcus]], [[Histoplasmosis]], [[Nocardia]], [[Toxoplasmosis]].
-'''Helminthic:''' [[Alveolar hydatid disease]]
-'''Protozoal:''' [[Entamoeba histolytica]]
-'''Tuberculous:''' Initially mostly [[polymorphonuclear cells]], later [[lymphocytes]], [[monocytes]] and [[plasma cells]].  Usually develops very slowly with significant fibrous reaction.  Initially effusive then becomes constrictive. Other[[Mycoplasma]] such as [[mycoplasma pnuemonia]] can cause pericarditis is well.
-'''Viral:''' [[Coxsackie B Virus]], [[Echovirus]], [[Adenovirus]] (less commonly: [[CMV]]-especially in [[HIV]] patients, [[EBV]], [[Hepatitis B]], [[Influenza]], [[Mumps]], [[Varicella]]).
-'''Other:''' [[Lyme disease]] (usually myopericarditis associated with conduction abnormalities), [[Rickettsia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Musculoskeletal / Ortho'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| No underlying causes
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Ankylosing spondylitis]], [[dermatomyositis]], [[polymyositis]], [[Reiter's Syndrome]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[Still's disease]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 102: / Line 98: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Oncologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|Predominantly [[lung cancer]], [[breast cancer]], [[leukemia]], [[lymphomas]] ([[Hodgkins]] and non-Hodgkins).  Less commonly GI malignancies, [[ovarian cancer]], [[sarcoma]]s and [[melanoma]]s, metastic, hematogenous, [[carcinoma]], [[carcinoid]], [[Sipple syndrome]], [[mesothelioma]], [[fibroma]], [[lipoma]].  Also [[Kaposis sarcoma]] in [[HIV]] positive patients.
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Breast cancer]], [[carcinoid]], [[fibroma]], [[Kaposi's sarcoma]], [[leukemia]], [[lung cancer]], [[lymphoma]], [[melanoma]], [[mesothelioma]], [[cardiac tumors|neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium]], [[ovarian cancer]], [[sarcoma]], [[Sipple syndrome]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
@@ Line 118: / Line 114: @@
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Pulmonary'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Sarcoidosis]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Lung cancer]], [[pneumonia]], [[sarcoidosis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Renal / Electrolyte'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Uremic pericarditis]] is seen in up to 20% of uremic patients requiring chronic [[hemodialysis]].  The mechanism is unknown.  Most commonly there is a small effusion associated with pain and a [[pericardial friction rub]], but there can be a large effusion and present with [[tamponade]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Uremic pericarditis]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Rheum / Immune / Allergy'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|[[Systemic Lupus Erythematosus]] or [[SLE]]: Pericarditis usually occurs in the setting of disease flares (systemic symptoms, high erythrocyte sedimentation rate ([[ESR]]), +ANA, +dsDNA, [[pleural effusion]]s).  Occurs in 20-40% of patients with [[SLE]] during the course of the disease.  Usually the fluid is serous or grossly bloody.  Analysis of the fluid usually reveals a high protein and low glucose content.  Typically [[WBC]] count is less than 10K, and is made up of primarily [[polymorphonuclear cell]]s ([[PMN]]s).
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[rheumatic fever|Acute rheumatic fever]], [[amyloidosis]], [[ankylosing spondylitis]], [[Behcet syndrome]], [[Dressler's syndrome]], [[familial mediterranean fever]], [[inflammatory bowel disease]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[mixed connective tissue disease]], [[polyarteritis nodosa]], [[polymyositis]], [[Reiter's Syndrome]], [[rheumatoid arthritis]], [[sarcoidosis]], [[scleroderma]], [[Still's disease]], [[systemic lupus erythematosus]], [[systemic sclerosis]], [[temporal arteritis]], [[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
-[[Rheumatoid arthritis]] or [[RA]]: Pericarditis can occur without active joint involvement.  Also serous or bloody.  Usually the protein is > 5 mg/dl, and the glucose is low (<45).  The [[WBC]] is high at 20-90K.  Complement is usually low, and the latex fixation test is usually positive.
-Other: [[Amyloidosis]], [[Ankylosing Spondylitis]], [[Behcet syndrome]], [[Familial Mediterranian Fever]], [[Kawasaki disease]], [[Mixed Connective Tissue Disease]], [[Polyarteritis nodosa]] [[PAN]], [[Polymyositis]],[[Reiter's Syndrome]], acute [[Rheumatic fever]], [[Sarcoidosis]], [[Scleroderma]], [[Still disease]], [[Systemic sclerosis]], [[Temporal arteritis]], and [[Wegener's]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Sexual'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]], [[Treponema pallidum]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]], [[treponema pallidum]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Trauma'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"|After blunt or penetrating chest trauma
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]], [[esophageal rupture]], [[esophageal rupture|esophogeal perforation]], [[perforation|gastric perforation]], [[Pancreatic fistula|pancreatic-pericardial fistula]]
-Following cardiovascular procedures such as: cathether ablation for [[arrhythmias]], [[pacemaker]] insertion, [[percutaneous coronary intervention]] with either dissection or perforation of the coronary artery, [[TAVI]], thoracic surgery (resulting in [[chylopericardium]], [[valvuloplasty]].
-Following gastrointestinal catastrophes including [[esophageal rupture]], pancreatic-pericardial fistula, esophogeal perforation, gastric perforation.
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Urologic'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal Failure]], [[Uremia]]
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Renal Failure]], [[uremia]]
 |-
 |-bgcolor="LightSteelBlue"
 | '''Miscellaneous'''
-|bgcolor="Beige"| Commonly the diagnosis is idiopathic.
+|bgcolor="Beige"| [[Idiopathic]]
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 156: / Line 144: @@
 ===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
-'''Acute Pericarditis'''
+{{MultiCol}}
+*[[5-Fluorouracil]]
 *[[Actinomycosis]]
-*[[Acute idiopathic pericarditis]]
+*[[Acute myocardial infarction]]
-*[[Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[rheumatic fever|Acute rheumatic fever]]
+*[[Addisonian crisis]]
 *[[Adenovirus]]
-*[[Addison's crisis]]
+*[[Amebiasis]]
+*[[Aminosalicylic acid]]
+*[[Amiodarone]]
 *[[Amyloidosis]]
-*[[Amebiasis]]
 *[[Ankylosing spondylitis]]
+*[[Anticoagulants]]
 *[[Aortic dissection]]
+*[[Aortic rupture]]
+*[[Asbestosis]]
 *[[Behcet's disease]]
+*[[thoracic duct|Benign obstruction of thoracic duct]]
+*[[chest trauma|Blunt or penetrating chest trauma]]
 *[[Borrelia]]
 *[[Breast cancer]]
+*[[Bromocriptine]]
+*[[Carcinoid]]
+*[[Cardiac catheterization]]
 *[[Cardiopulmonary resuscitation]]
+*[[catheter ablation|Cathether ablation for arrhythmias]]
+*[[Cholesterol pericarditis]]
 *[[Chylopericardium]]
-*[[Coxsackie A]]
+*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
-*[[Coxsackie B]]
+*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
+*[[CABG|Coronary artery bypass grafting]]
+*[[Coxsackie B virus]]
+*[[Cromolyn sodium]]
+*[[Cyclophosphamide]]
+*[[Cyclosporine]]
+*[[Cytarabine]]
 *[[Cytomegalovirus]]
+*[[Dantrolene]]
+*[[Daunorubicin]]
 *[[Dermatomyositis]]
-*[[Dermatosclerosis]]
+*[[Dialysis]]
+*[[Dissecting aortic aneurysm]]
+*[[Doxorubicin]]
 *[[Dressler's syndrome]]
 *[[EBV]]
+*[[Echinococcosis]]
 *[[ECHO virus]]
-*[[Echinococcosis]]
-*[[Familial mediterranian fever]]
+{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Endocarditis]]
+*[[Esophageal rupture]]
+*[[esophageal rupture|Esophogeal perforation]]
+*[[Familial mediterranean fever]]
+*[[Fibroma]]
 *[[Francisella]]
+*[[perforation|Gastric perforation]]
+*[[Gaucher disease]]
+*[[Heart surgery]]
+*[[Histoplasmosis]]
 *[[HIV]]
+*[[Hydantoin]]
+*[[Hydralazine]]
+*[[Hypothyroidism]]
+*[[Idiopathic]]
 *[[Infectious mononucleosis]]
 *[[Inflammatory bowel disease]]
 *[[Influenza virus]]
+*[[Isoniazid]]
+*[[Jacobsen syndrome|Jacobs arthropathy-camptodactyly syndrome]]
+*[[Kaposi's sarcoma]]
 *[[Kawasaki disease]]
 *[[Legionella]]
@@ Line 191: / Line 219: @@
 *[[Lung cancer]]
 *[[Lymphoma]]
+*[[Melanoma]]
 *[[Meningococci]]
+*[[Mesalazine]]
+*[[Mesothelioma]]
+*[[Methyldopa]]
+*[[Methysergide]]
+*[[Minoxidil]]
 *[[Mixed connective tissue disease]]
+*[[Mulibrey nanism|Mulibrey nanism syndrome]]
 *[[Mumps virus]]
-*[[Mycoplasma infection]]
+*[[Mycoplasma]]
+*[[Myocarditis]]
+*[[Myxedema]]
 *[[Neisseria gonorrhoeae]]
-*[[Perforated esophagus]]
+*[[cardiac tumors|Neoplasia that has spread to the pericardium]],
+*[[Ovarian cancer]]
+*[[Pacemaker syndrome]]
+*[[Pancreatic fistula|Pancreatic-pericardial fistula]]
+*[[Penicillin]]
+*[[Percutaneous coronary intervention]]
+{{ColBreak}}
+*[[Phenylbutazone]]
 *[[Pneumococci]]
+*[[Pneumonia]]
 *[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
 *[[Polymyositis]]
+*[[polytetrafluoroethylene|Polytetrafluoroethylene inhalation]]
 *[[Postpericardiotomy syndrome]]
+*[[Practolol]]
+*[[Procainamide]]
+*[[Radiation therapy]]
+*[[Recurrent hereditary polyserositis]]
 *[[Reiter's syndrome]]
-*[[Radiation therapy]]
 *[[Renal failure]]
+*[[Reserpine]]
 *[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
 *[[Rickettsia]]
 *[[Sarcoidosis]]
+*[[Sarcoma]]
 *[[Scleroderma]]
 *[[Serum sickness]]
+*[[Silicosis]]
+*[[Sipple syndrome]]
 *[[Staphylococci]]
 *[[Streptococci]]
+*[[Streptokinase]]
+*[[Streptomycin]]
+*[[Sulfa drugs]]
 *[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]
+*[[TAVI]]
+*[[Temporal arteritis]]
+*[[Thiazides]]
+*[[Thiouracil]]
+*[[Thoracic surgery]]
 *[[Thorax trauma]]
+*[[Thrombolytics]]
+*[[Tocainide]]
+*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
 *[[Treponema pallidum]]
-*[[Toxoplasmosis]]
 *[[Tuberculosis]]
 *[[Uremia]]
+*[[Vaccines|Vaccines (smallpox, yellow fever)]]
+*[[Valvuloplasty]]
 *[[Varicella virus]]
 *[[Wegener's granulomatosis]]
 *[[Whipple's Disease]]
-'''Chronic Pericarditis'''
+{{EndMultiCol}}
-*[[Amebiasis]]
-*[[Bacterial infections]]
-*[[Cholesterol pericarditis]]
-*[[Chylopericardium]]
-*[[Coccidioidomycosis]]
-*[[Collagen vascular disease]]
-*[[Coxsackie B]]
-*[[Echinococcosis]]
-*[[Histoplasmosis]]
-*[[Neoplastic pericarditis]]
-*[[Tuberculosis]]
-*[[Uremic pericarditis]]
 ==References==