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===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
===Causes in Alphabetical Order===
{{MultiCol}}
{{MultiCol}}
* [[Aceclidine ]]
* [[Aceclidine]]
 
* [[Acepromazine]]
* [[Acepromazine ]]
* [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor]]
 
* [[Adenosine]]
* [[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor ]]
* [[Amiodarone]]
 
* [[Amodiaquine]]
* [[Adenosine ]]
 
* [[Amiodarone ]]
 
* [[Amodiaquine ]]
 
* [[Anorexia Nervosa]]
* [[Anorexia Nervosa]]
 
* [[Anorexia Nervosa ]]
* [[Anorexia Nervosa ]]
* [[Apnea of prematurity]]
 
* [[Asphyxia neonatorum]]
* [[Apnea of prematurity ]]
* [[Atenolol]]
 
* [[Athletes]]
* [[Asphyxia neonatorum ]]
 
* [[Atenolol ]]
 
* [[Athlete ]]
 
* [[Atrioventricular Block ]]
* [[Atrioventricular Block ]]
* [[Autonomic neuropathy]]
* [[Autonomic neuropathy]]
 
* [[Barbiturates]]
* [[Barbiturates ]]
* [[Beta-blockers]]
 
* [[Brucellosis]]
* [[Beta-blockers ]]
* [[Bupivacaine]]
 
* [[Calcium channel blocker]]
* [[Brucellosis ]]
 
* [[Bupivacaine ]]
 
* [[Calcium channel blocker ]]
 
* [[Carbamate]]
* [[Carbamate]]
 
* [[Cardiac arrhythmia]]
* [[Cardiac arrhythmia ]]
 
* [[Cardiac catheterization]]
* [[Cardiac catheterization]]
 
* [[Cardiac Dysrhythmias]]
* [[Cardiac Dysrhythmias ]]
* [[Cardiomegaly]]
 
* [[Cardiomegaly ]]
 
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
* [[Cardiomyopathy]]
 
* [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia]]
* [[Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia ]]
 
* [[Cerebral hemorrhage]]
* [[Cerebral hemorrhage]]
 
* [[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis]]
* [[Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis ]]
 
* [[Chagas' disease]]
* [[Chagas' disease]]
 
* [[Clomipramine]]
* [[Clomipramine ]]
 
* [[Clonidine]]
* [[Clonidine]]
* [[Colorado tick fever]]
* [[Colorado tick fever]]
* [[Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid20301600">{{cite journal |author=Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, ''et al.'' |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=20301600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome]]<ref name="pmid20301600">{{cite journal |author=Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR, ''et al.'' |title= |journal= |volume= |issue= |pages= |year= |pmid=20301600 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
* [[Congenital Long QT Syndrome]]
* [[Congenital Long QT Syndrome]]
* [[Cushing reaction]]
* [[Cushing reaction]]
 
* [[Cushing reflex]]
* [[Cushing reflex ]]
* [[Cushing triad]]
 
* [[Cyclic antidepressant poisoning]]
* [[Cushing triad ]]
* [[Detomidine]]
 
* [[Digitalis]]
* [[Cyclic antidepressant poisoning ]]
* [[Diltiazem]]
 
* [[Diphenhydramine]]
* [[Detomidine ]]
 
* [[Digitalis ]]
 
* [[Diltiazem ]]
 
* [[Diphenhydramine ]]
 
* [[Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia]]<ref name="pmid3976722">{{cite journal |author=Goldstein S, Qazi QH, Fitzgerald J, Goldstein J, Friedman AP, Sawyer P |title=Distichiasis, congenital heart defects and mixed peripheral vascular anomalies |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=283–94 |year=1985 |month=February |pmid=3976722 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320200212 |url=}}</ref>
* [[Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia]]<ref name="pmid3976722">{{cite journal |author=Goldstein S, Qazi QH, Fitzgerald J, Goldstein J, Friedman AP, Sawyer P |title=Distichiasis, congenital heart defects and mixed peripheral vascular anomalies |journal=Am. J. Med. Genet. |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=283–94 |year=1985 |month=February |pmid=3976722 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.1320200212 |url=}}</ref>
 
* [[Donepezil]]
* [[Donepezil ]]
* [[Doxepin]]
 
* [[Drowning]]
* [[Doxepin ]]
* [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy]]
 
* [[Drowning ]]
 
* [[Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy ]]
 
* [[Enema]]
* [[Enema]]
 
* [[Fetal distress]]
* [[Fetal distress ]]
* [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid]]
 
* [[Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid ]]
 
* [[Gastric lavage]]
* [[Gastric lavage]]
 
* [[Glyceryl trinitrate ]]
* [[Glyceryl trinitrate ]]
 
* [[Grayanotoxin]]
* [[Grayanotoxin]]
 
* [[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome]]
* [[Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome ]]
 
* [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
* [[Hashimoto's Thyroiditis]]
* [[Heat exhaustion]]
* [[Heat exhaustion]]
 
* [[Hellebore]]
* [[Hellebore ]]
 
* [[Holt-Oram syndrome]]
* [[Holt-Oram syndrome]]
 
* [[Hydrocodone]]
* [[Hydrocodone ]]
* [[Hydroxyethyl starch]][[ Speedball (drug)]]
 
* [[Hypercalcemia]]
* [[Hydroxyethyl starch]][[ Speedball (drug) ]]
* [[Hyperkalemia]]
 
* [[Hypokalemia]]
* [[Hypercalcemia ]]
 
* [[Hyperkalemia ]]
 
* [[Hypokalemia ]]
 
* [[Hypothermia]]
* [[Hypothermia]]
 
* [[Hypothyroidism]]
* [[Hypothyroidism ]]
* [[Ibuprofen]]
 
* [[Ibuprofen ]]
 
* [[Increased intracranial pressure]]
* [[Increased intracranial pressure]]
 
* [[Isosorbide dinitrate]]
* [[Isosorbide dinitrate ]]
{{ColBreak}}
{{ColBreak}}
* [[Ivabradine ]]
* [[Ivabradine]]
 
* [[Legionella pneumonia]]
* [[Legionella pneumonia ]]
* [[Levobetaxolol]]
 
* [[Levobupivacaine]]
* [[Levobetaxolol ]]
 
* [[Levobupivacaine ]]
 
* [[Lidocaine]]
* [[Lidocaine]]
 
* [[Lithium]]
* [[Lithium ]]
 
* [[Malnutrition]]
* [[Malnutrition]]
 
* [[Mammalian diving reflex]]
* [[Mammalian diving reflex ]]
* [[Medetomidine]]
 
* [[Medetomidine ]]
 
* [[Mefloquine]]
* [[Mefloquine]]
 
* [[Mepivacaine]]
* [[Mepivacaine ]]
 
* [[Methacholine]]
* [[Methacholine]]
 
* [[Methyldopa]]
* [[Methyldopa ]]
* [[Morphine]]
 
* [[Moxonidine]]
* [[Morphine ]]
 
* [[Moxonidine ]]
 
* [[Mycoplasma pneumonia ]]
* [[Mycoplasma pneumonia ]]
* [[Nadolol]]
* [[Nadolol]]
* [[Nalbuphine ]]
* [[Nalbuphine ]]
* [[Nalmefene]]
* [[Nalmefene]]
 
* [[Necrotizing enterocolitis]]
* [[Necrotizing enterocolitis ]]
 
* [[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
* [[Neonatal lupus erythematosus]]
* [[Neurocardiogenic Syncope]]
* [[Neurocardiogenic Syncope]]
 
* [[Neurogenic shock]]
* [[Neurogenic shock ]]
 
* [[Obstructive jaundice]]
* [[Obstructive jaundice]]
* [[Oculocardiac reflex]]
* [[Oculocardiac reflex]]
 
* [[Opioid poisoning]]
* [[Opioid poisoning ]]
 
* [[Oxymorphone]]
* [[Oxymorphone]]
 
* [[Phenobarbital]]
* [[Phenobarbital ]]
 
* [[Phenylephrine]]
* [[Phenylephrine]]
 
* [[Phenytoin]]
* [[Phenytoin ]]
* [[Pilocarpine]]
 
* [[Pneumothorax]]
* [[Pilocarpine ]]
* [[Propafenone]]
 
* [[Propranolol]]
* [[Pneumothorax ]]
 
* [[Propafenone ]]
 
* [[Propranolol ]]
 
* [[Pulseless ventricular tachycardia]]
* [[Pulseless ventricular tachycardia]]
 
* [[Quinidine]]
* [[Quinidine ]]
 
* [[Radiocontrast toxicity]]
* [[Radiocontrast toxicity]]
 
* [[Raised Intracranial pressure]]
* [[Raised Intracranial pressure ]]
 
* [[Rapid sequence induction]]
* [[Rapid sequence induction]]
 
* [[Reserpine]]
* [[Reserpine ]]
* [[Right Bundle Branch Block]]
 
* [[Ropivacaine]]
* [[Right Bundle Branch Block ]]
* [[Second Degree AV Block]]
 
* [[Sedatives]]
* [[Ropivacaine ]]
 
* [[Second Degree AV Block ]]
 
* [[Sedatives ]]
 
* [[Septic shock]]
* [[Septic shock]]
 
* [[Sick sinus syndrome]]
* [[Sick sinus syndrome ]]
* [[Sinoatrial Block]]
 
* [[Skull fracture]]
* [[Sinoatrial Block ]]
 
* [[Skull fracture ]]
 
* [[Sleep]]
* [[Sleep]]
 
* [[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complications]]
* [[ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complications ]]
* [[Subarachanoid hemorrhage]]
 
* [[Sulpiride]]
* [[Subarachanoid hemorrhage ]]
* [[Suxamethonium chloride]]
 
* [[Tacrine]]
* [[Sulpiride ]]
 
* [[Suxamethonium chloride ]]
 
* [[Tacrine ]]
 
* [[Theobromine poisoning]]
* [[Theobromine poisoning]]
* [[Timolol]]
* [[Timolol]]
 
* [[Trazodone]]
* [[Trazodone ]]
 
* [[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
* [[Trypanosoma cruzi]]
 
* [[Tularaemia]]
* [[Tularaemia ]]
* [[Typhoid fever]]
 
* [[Uncaria tomentosa]]
* [[Typhoid fever ]]
* [[Vagal episode]]
 
* [[Uncaria tomentosa ]]
 
* [[Vagal episode ]]
 
* [[Vasa previa]]
* [[Vasa previa]]
* [[Vasovagal syncope]]
* [[Vasovagal syncope]]
* [[Vertebral subluxation]]
* [[Vertebral subluxation]]
* [[Xylazine]]
* [[Xylazine]]
{{EndMultiCol}}
{{EndMultiCol}}

Revision as of 16:19, 23 August 2013

Bradycardia Microchapters

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Classification

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Risk calculators and risk factors for Bradycardia causes

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: M.Umer Tariq [2]

Overview

Pathologic bradycardias are caused by disorders of impulse generation (impaired automaticity at SA node), impulse conduction (heart block) or escape pacemakers and rhythms. Bradycardia can be underlain by several causes, which are best divided into cardiac and non-cardiac causes or based on the location of the abnormality. Non-cardiac causes are usually secondary, and can involve recreational drug use, endocrine disorders (hypothyroid), electrolyte imbalance (hyperkalemia), autonomic reflexes; situational factors (prolonged bed rest); infections lyme disease, medications, and autoimmunity disorders. Cardiac causes include acute or chronic ischemic heart disease, vascular heart disease, valvular heart disease, or degenerative primary electrical disease (fibrosis and calcification of the sinus node and conduction system).

Causes

Common Causes of Bradycardia

Causes According to the Location of the Abnormality

Atria

Respiratory Sinus arrhythmia

Sinus bradycardia

Low atrial focus bradycardia

First degreee AV block

Second degree AV block

Complete or third-degree AV block

Sick sinus syndrome

AV junction

Junctional escape rhythm

Ventricles

Isorhythmic A-V dissociation

Slow VT (idioventricular rhythm)

Ventricular escape rhythm

Causes of Bradycardia By Organ System

Cardiovascular

Atrioventricular Block, Cardiac arrhythmia, Cardiac Dysrhythmias, Cardiomegaly, Right Bundle Branch Block, Second Degree AV Block, ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Complications, Sinoatrial Block, Pulseless ventricular tachycardia, Sick sinus syndrome, Cardiomyopathy, Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia


Chemical / poisoning Carbamate,

Opioid poisoning,

Dermatologic No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect

Aceclidine, Acepromazine, Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, Adenosine, Amiodarone, Amodiaquine, Atenolol, Barbiturates, Beta-blockers, Bupivacaine, Calcium channel blocker, Clomipramine, Clonidine, Detomidine, Digitalis, Diltiazem, Diphenhydramine, Donepezil, Doxepin, Glyceryl trinitrate , Hydrocodone, Ibuprofen, Isosorbide dinitrate, Ivabradine, Levobetaxolol, Levobupivacaine, Lidocaine, Lithium, Medetomidine, Mefloquine, Mepivacaine, Methacholine, Methoxamine, Methyldopa, Morphine, Moxonidine, Nadolol, Nalbuphine, Nalmefene, Opioid, Oxymorphone, Phenobarbital, Phenylephrine, Phenytoin, Pilocarpine, Propafenone, Propranolol, Quinidine, Reserpine, Ropivacaine, Sulpiride, Suxamethonium chloride, Tacrine, Timolol, Trazodone, Uncaria tomentosa, Xylazine,

Ear Nose Throat No underlying causes
Endocrine Hypothyroidism,

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis,

Environmental

Grayanotoxin, Hellebore, Hypothermia, Heat exhaustion

Gastroenterologic Obstructive jaundice, Necrotizing enterocolitis , Typhoid fever
Genetic

Congenital Long QT Syndrome, Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome, Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia

Hematologic No underlying causes
Iatrogenic

Enema, Gastric lavage, PCI Complications: Radiocontrast toxicity, Rapid sequence induction, Cardiac catheterization

Infectious Disease

Chagas' disease, Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, Legionella pneumonia and Mycoplasma pneumonia, Tularaemia, Colorado tick fever, Brucellosis, Trypanosoma cruzi, Typhoid fever, Septic shock



Musculoskeletal / Ortho

Holt-Oram syndrome, Vertebral subluxation,


Neurologic

Vasovagal syncope, Vagal episode, Neurogenic shock, Subarachanoid hemorrhage, Raised Intracranial pressure, Autonomic neuropathy, Cerebral hemorrhage, Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, Cushing triad, Cushing reaction, Cushing reflex, Neurocardiogenic Syncope, Increased intracranial pressure



Nutritional / Metabolic

Hypercalcemia, Hyperkalemia, Hypokalemia, Anorexia Nervosa, Malnutrition


Obstetric/Gynecologic

Fetal distress, Neonatal lupus erythematosus, Vasa previa,


Oncologic No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic Oculocardiac reflex, Distichiasis - heart and vasculature anomalies - sinus bradycardia
Overdose / Toxicity

Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid, Hydroxyethyl starch Speedball (drug), Theobromine poisoning, Sedatives Cyclic antidepressant poisoning

Psychiatric Anorexia Nervosa,
Pulmonary Apnea of prematurity, Asphyxia neonatorum , Pneumothorax
Renal / Electrolyte No underlying causes
Rheum / Immune / Allergy No underlying causes
Sexual No underlying causes
Trauma Skull fracture
Urologic No underlying causes
Miscellaneous

Drowning, Mammalian diving reflex,


Causes in Alphabetical Order


References

  1. ↑ Pagon RA, Bird TD, Dolan CR; et al. PMID 20301600. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  2. ↑ Goldstein S, Qazi QH, Fitzgerald J, Goldstein J, Friedman AP, Sawyer P (1985). "Distichiasis, congenital heart defects and mixed peripheral vascular anomalies". Am. J. Med. Genet. 20 (2): 283–94. doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320200212. PMID 3976722. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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