High density lipoprotein classification: Difference between revisions
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===Apolipoprotein Content=== | ===Apolipoprotein Content=== | ||
High density lipoproteins can be immunoseparated on the basis of apolipoprotein composition by into particles containing different apolipoproteins. The two major apolipoproteins found within HDL particles are the apoA-I and apoA-II. Several other minor apolipoproteins associated with HDL include apoA-IV, apoA-V, apoC-I, apoC-II, apoC-III, and apoE. However, LpA-I and LpA-I:LpA-II constitute the major portions of HDLs in the human plasma. | High density lipoproteins can be immunoseparated on the basis of apolipoprotein composition by into particles containing different apolipoproteins. The two major apolipoproteins found within HDL particles are the apoA-I and apoA-II.<ref name="Brewer-1972">{{Cite journal | last1 = Brewer | first1 = HB. | last2 = Lux | first2 = SE. | last3 = Ronan | first3 = R. | last4 = John | first4 = KM. | title = Amino acid sequence of human apoLp-Gln-II (apoA-II), an apolipoprotein isolated from the high-density lipoprotein complex. | journal = Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A | volume = 69 | issue = 5 | pages = 1304-8 | month = May | year = 1972 | doi = | PMID = 4338591 }}</ref><ref name="Brewer-1978">{{Cite journal | last1 = Brewer | first1 = HB. | last2 = Fairwell | first2 = T. | last3 = LaRue | first3 = A. | last4 = Ronan | first4 = R. | last5 = Houser | first5 = A. | last6 = Bronzert | first6 = TJ. | title = The amino acid sequence of human APOA-I, an apolipoprotein isolated from high density lipoproteins. | journal = Biochem Biophys Res Commun | volume = 80 | issue = 3 | pages = 623-30 | month = Feb | year = 1978 | doi = | PMID = 204308 }}</ref> Several other minor apolipoproteins associated with HDL include apoA-IV, apoA-V, apoC-I, apoC-II, apoC-III, and apoE.<ref name="Alaupovic-1996">{{Cite journal | last1 = Alaupovic | first1 = P. | title = Significance of apolipoproteins for structure, function, and classification of plasma lipoproteins. | journal = Methods Enzymol | volume = 263 | issue = | pages = 32-60 | month = | year = 1996 | doi = | PMID = 8748999 }}</ref> However, LpA-I and LpA-I:LpA-II constitute the major portions of HDLs in the human plasma. | ||
* LpA-I (HDL contains apoA-I) | * LpA-I (HDL contains apoA-I) | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Overview
HDL is the most heterogeneous and the most complicated among the lipoproteins. HDL does not only represent one structure but rather refer to a dynamic collection of HDL subgroups which are sequentially produced. The different HDL subgroups differ in their physiochemical characteristics, lipid components, apolipoprotein types, electrophoretic mobility, density and function.[1][2]
Classification
High density lipoproteins (HDLs) are highly heterogenous in their physiochemical characteristics due to the differences in relative composition of surface apolipoproteins thus may be classified based upon buoyant density, size, charge, or apolipoprotein contents. Moreover, the amphiphatic helical structure of apoA-I possesses a hinge domain that allows it to switch between different conformations corresponding to HDLs of varying size.[3]
With density gradient ultracentrifugation, HDL can be separated into HDL2, HDL3, and very-high-density lipoprotein (VHDL). Nondenaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis may also be used to classify HDLs into five distinct populations of decreasing size, HDL2b, HDL2a, HDL3a, HDL3b, and HDL3c.[4][5] Isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation has also been used to analyze the fasting plasma to yield equivalent analytical delineations.[6][7] Yet another method of classifying HDL lipoprotein particles by size is nuclear magnetic resonance.[8] A more advanced technique by utilizing two-dimensional gel electrophoresis has been used to resolve HDL particles in the plasma into lipid-poor pre-β-HDLs and α-HDL that predominantly contains mature spherical cholesteryl esters.[9]
Density
HDLs are typically ultracentrifugally fractionated into two major populations.[10][11] Note that HDL2 is larger and less dense whereas HDL3 is smaller and less dense.
- HDL2 (large; density: 1.063-1.125 g/ml; size: 8.8 to 13 nm)
- HDL3 (small; density: 1.125-1.21 g/ml; size: 7.3 to 8.2 nm)[12]
Size
HDL may be isolated on the basis of size and density by non-denaturing polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis or by isopycnic density gradient ultracentrifugation.[10]
From larger to smaller:
- HDL2b
- HDL2a
- HDL3a
- HDL3b
- HDL3c[12]
Another classification is:
- Very large HDL particles (VL-HDL)
- Large HDL particles (L-HDL)
- Medium HDL particles (M-HDL)
- Small HDL particles (S-HDL)
- Very-small HDL particles (VS-HDL)
- Pre-β-1 HDL (role in macrophage cholesterol efflux)[1]
Apolipoprotein Content
High density lipoproteins can be immunoseparated on the basis of apolipoprotein composition by into particles containing different apolipoproteins. The two major apolipoproteins found within HDL particles are the apoA-I and apoA-II.[13][14] Several other minor apolipoproteins associated with HDL include apoA-IV, apoA-V, apoC-I, apoC-II, apoC-III, and apoE.[15] However, LpA-I and LpA-I:LpA-II constitute the major portions of HDLs in the human plasma.
Surface Charge
HDL has been separated according to charge by agarose gel electrophoresis.[10]
- Pre-beta (positive)
- Pre-alpha
- Alpha (negative)
Note that pre-beta < pre-alpha < alpha.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Chapman MJ, Fazio S, Hussain MM, Kontush A; et al. (2011). "HDL measures, particle heterogeneity, proposed nomenclature, and relation to atherosclerotic cardiovascular events". Clin Chem. 57 (3): 392–410. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.155333. PMID 21266551.
- ↑ Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Ansell B, Barter P, Chapman MJ, Heinecke JW; et al. (2013). "Translation of High-Density Lipoprotein Function Into Clinical Practice: Current Prospects and Future Challenges". Circulation. 128 (11): 1256–1267. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.000962. PMID 24019446.
- ↑ Reschly, EJ.; Sorci-Thomas, MG.; Davidson, WS.; Meredith, SC.; Reardon, CA.; Getz, GS. (2002). "Apolipoprotein A-I alpha -helices 7 and 8 modulate high density lipoprotein subclass distribution". J Biol Chem. 277 (12): 9645–54. doi:10.1074/jbc.M107883200. PMID 11744719. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Blanche, PJ.; Gong, EL.; Forte, TM.; Nichols, AV. (1981). "Characterization of human high-density lipoproteins by gradient gel electrophoresis". Biochim Biophys Acta. 665 (3): 408–19. PMID 7295744. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Anderson, DW.; Nichols, AV.; Forte, TM.; Lindgren, FT. (1977). "Particle distribution of human serum high density lipoproteins". Biochim Biophys Acta. 493 (1): 55–68. PMID 195628. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Goulinet, S.; Chapman, MJ. (1997). "Plasma LDL and HDL subspecies are heterogenous in particle content of tocopherols and oxygenated and hydrocarbon carotenoids. Relevance to oxidative resistance and atherogenesis". Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 17 (4): 786–96. PMID 9108795. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Tall, AR.; Blum, CB.; Forester, GP.; Nelson, CA. (1982). "Changes in the distribution and composition of plasma high density lipoproteins after ingestion of fat". J Biol Chem. 257 (1): 198–207. PMID 6796585. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Rifai, Nader.; Warnick, G. Russell.; Dominiczak, Marek H. (2000). Handbook of lipoprotein testin. Washington, DC: AACC Press. ISBN 1-890883-35-2.
- ↑ Asztalos, BF.; Schaefer, EJ. (2003). "High-density lipoprotein subpopulations in pathologic conditions". Am J Cardiol. 91 (7A): 12E–17E. PMID 12679198. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Krimbou L, Tremblay M, Davignon J, Cohn JS (1997). "Characterization of human plasma apolipoprotein E-containing lipoproteins in the high density lipoprotein size range: focus on pre-beta1-LpE, pre-beta2-LpE, and alpha-LpE". J Lipid Res. 38 (1): 35–48. PMID 9034198.
- ↑ Chapman MJ, Goldstein S, Lagrange D, Laplaud PM (1981). "A density gradient ultracentrifugal procedure for the isolation of the major lipoprotein classes from human serum". J Lipid Res. 22 (2): 339–58. PMID 6787159.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Rye KA, Barter PJ (2012). "Predictive value of different HDL particles for the protection against or risk of coronary heart disease". Biochim Biophys Acta. 1821 (3): 473–80. doi:10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.012. PMID 22051746.
- ↑ Brewer, HB.; Lux, SE.; Ronan, R.; John, KM. (1972). "Amino acid sequence of human apoLp-Gln-II (apoA-II), an apolipoprotein isolated from the high-density lipoprotein complex". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 69 (5): 1304–8. PMID 4338591. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Brewer, HB.; Fairwell, T.; LaRue, A.; Ronan, R.; Houser, A.; Bronzert, TJ. (1978). "The amino acid sequence of human APOA-I, an apolipoprotein isolated from high density lipoproteins". Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 80 (3): 623–30. PMID 204308. Unknown parameter
|month=ignored (help) - ↑ Alaupovic, P. (1996). "Significance of apolipoproteins for structure, function, and classification of plasma lipoproteins". Methods Enzymol. 263: 32–60. PMID 8748999.