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Nephrotic syndrome may affect children and adults alike. There is no age or ethnic predominance. According to observational studies, the prevalence in children has a 2 to 1 male to female ratio.<ref name="pmid7205481">{{cite journal| author=| title=The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1981 | volume= 98 | issue= 4 | pages= 561-4 | pmid=7205481 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7205481 }} </ref> In adults, however, the prevalence is the same in both genders. In total, the incidence of nephrotic syndrome is the same for adults and for children. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome has an incidence of 2-7 cases per 100,000 and a prevalence of 16 cases per 100,000.<ref name="pmid12944064">{{cite journal| author=Eddy AA, Symons JM| title=Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. | journal=Lancet | year= 2003 | volume= 362 | issue= 9384 | pages= 629-39 | pmid=12944064 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14184-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12944064 }} </ref> | Nephrotic syndrome may affect children and adults alike. There is no age or ethnic predominance. According to observational studies, the prevalence in children has a 2 to 1 male to female ratio.<ref name="pmid7205481">{{cite journal| author=| title=The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children. | journal=J Pediatr | year= 1981 | volume= 98 | issue= 4 | pages= 561-4 | pmid=7205481 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=7205481 }} </ref> In adults, however, the prevalence is the same in both genders. In total, the incidence of nephrotic syndrome is the same for adults and for children. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome has an incidence of 2-7 cases per 100,000 and a prevalence of 16 cases per 100,000.<ref name="pmid12944064">{{cite journal| author=Eddy AA, Symons JM| title=Nephrotic syndrome in childhood. | journal=Lancet | year= 2003 | volume= 362 | issue= 9384 | pages= 629-39 | pmid=12944064 | doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14184-0 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12944064 }} </ref> | ||
Approximately 70-90% of children less than 10 years of age with nephrotic syndrome are diagnosed with minimal change disease (MCD), a common form of primary glomerulonephritis characterized by normal glomeruli on light microscopy and by podocyte effacement on electron microscopy.<ref name="pmid17995521">{{cite journal| author=Cho MH, Hong EH, Lee TH, Ko CW| title=Pathophysiology of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. | journal=Nephrology (Carlton) | year= 2007 | volume= 12 Suppl 3 | issue= | pages= S11-4 | pmid=17995521 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00875.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17995521 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8829270">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS| title=Nephrotic syndrome in the elderly. | journal=Semin Nephrol | year= 1996 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-29 | pmid=8829270 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8829270 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4422336">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB| title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1974 | volume= 43 | issue= 171 | pages= 461-88 | pmid=4422336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4422336 }} </ref> In older children, MCD still accounts for 50% of nephrotic syndrome. | Approximately 70-90% of children less than 10 years of age with nephrotic syndrome are diagnosed with minimal change disease (MCD), a common form of primary glomerulonephritis characterized by normal glomeruli on light microscopy and by podocyte effacement on electron microscopy.<ref name="pmid17995521">{{cite journal| author=Cho MH, Hong EH, Lee TH, Ko CW| title=Pathophysiology of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. | journal=Nephrology (Carlton) | year= 2007 | volume= 12 Suppl 3 | issue= | pages= S11-4 | pmid=17995521 | doi=10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00875.x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17995521 }} </ref><ref name="pmid8829270">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS| title=Nephrotic syndrome in the elderly. | journal=Semin Nephrol | year= 1996 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-29 | pmid=8829270 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8829270 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4422336">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB| title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1974 | volume= 43 | issue= 171 | pages= 461-88 | pmid=4422336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4422336 }} </ref> In older children, MCD still accounts for 50% of nephrotic syndrome.<ref name="pmid8829270">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS| title=Nephrotic syndrome in the elderly. |journal=Semin Nephrol | year= 1996 | volume= 16 | issue= 4 | pages= 319-29 | pmid=8829270 | doi= |pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8829270 }} </ref><ref name="pmid4422336">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB|title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions. | journal=Q J Med |year= 1974 | volume= 43 | issue= 171 | pages= 461-88 | pmid=4422336 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4422336 }} </ref> In adults, the prevalence of MCD is much lower. Adult-onset MCD only comprises 10-15% of all cases of MCD. On the other hand, the incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is higher, especially in African-American patients.<ref name="pmid4422336">{{cite journal| author=Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB| title=The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions. | journal=Q J Med | year= 1974 | volume= 43 | issue= 171 | pages= 461-88 | pmid=4422336 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=4422336 }} </ref> | ||
In children, the mean age for presentation is approximately 1-8 years. According to Madani and colleagues<ref name="pmid12046024">{{cite journal| author=Kirpekar R, Yorgin PD, Tune BM, Kim MK, Sibley RK| title=Clinicopathologic correlates predict the outcome in children with steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome treated with pulse methylprednisolone therapy. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis| year= 2002 | volume= 39 | issue= 6 | pages= 1143-52 | pmid=12046024 | doi=10.1053/ajkd.2002.33382 |pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12046024 }} </ref>, who studied nephrotic syndrome in 502 pediatric patients, 67% of patients were in the range of 1-5 years of age. Other findings showed similar age distribution.<ref name="pmid12743793">{{cite journal| author=Kumar J, Gulati S, Sharma AP, Sharma RK, Gupta RK| title=Histopathological spectrum of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Indian children. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 2003 | volume= 18 | issue= 7 | pages= 657-60 | pmid=12743793 | doi=10.1007/s00467-003-1154-9 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12743793 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11938425">{{cite journal| author=Kari JA| title=Changing trends of histopathology in childhood nephrotic syndrome in western Saudi Arabia. | journal=Saudi Med J | year= 2002 | volume= 23| issue= 3 | pages= 317-21 | pmid=11938425 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11938425 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2242321">{{cite journal| author=Mattoo TK, Mahmood MA, al-Harbi MS| title=Nephrotic syndrome in Saudi children clinicopathological study of 150 cases. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 1990 |volume= 4 | issue= 5 | pages= 517-9 | pmid=2242321 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2242321 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10215332">{{cite journal| author=Vande Walle JG, Donckerwolcke RA, Koomans HA|title=Pathophysiology of edema formation in children with nephrotic syndrome not due to minimal change disease. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 1999 | volume= 10 | issue= 2 | pages= 323-31 |pmid=10215332 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10215332 }} </ref> The mean age among adults is much more difficult to calculate because unlike children whose primary disease is almost always MCD, secondary etiologies of nephrotic syndrome, such as HIV and diabetes, are much more common and corresponding age distribution is very wide. | In children, the mean age for presentation is approximately 1-8 years. According to Madani and colleagues<ref name="pmid12046024">{{cite journal| author=Kirpekar R, Yorgin PD, Tune BM, Kim MK, Sibley RK| title=Clinicopathologic correlates predict the outcome in children with steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome treated with pulse methylprednisolone therapy. | journal=Am J Kidney Dis| year= 2002 | volume= 39 | issue= 6 | pages= 1143-52 | pmid=12046024 | doi=10.1053/ajkd.2002.33382 |pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12046024 }} </ref>, who studied nephrotic syndrome in 502 pediatric patients, 67% of patients were in the range of 1-5 years of age. Other findings showed similar age distribution.<ref name="pmid12743793">{{cite journal| author=Kumar J, Gulati S, Sharma AP, Sharma RK, Gupta RK| title=Histopathological spectrum of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Indian children. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 2003 | volume= 18 | issue= 7 | pages= 657-60 | pmid=12743793 | doi=10.1007/s00467-003-1154-9 | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=12743793 }} </ref><ref name="pmid11938425">{{cite journal| author=Kari JA| title=Changing trends of histopathology in childhood nephrotic syndrome in western Saudi Arabia. | journal=Saudi Med J | year= 2002 | volume= 23| issue= 3 | pages= 317-21 | pmid=11938425 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=11938425 }} </ref><ref name="pmid2242321">{{cite journal| author=Mattoo TK, Mahmood MA, al-Harbi MS| title=Nephrotic syndrome in Saudi children clinicopathological study of 150 cases. | journal=Pediatr Nephrol | year= 1990 |volume= 4 | issue= 5 | pages= 517-9 | pmid=2242321 | doi= | pmc= |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=2242321 }} </ref><ref name="pmid10215332">{{cite journal| author=Vande Walle JG, Donckerwolcke RA, Koomans HA|title=Pathophysiology of edema formation in children with nephrotic syndrome not due to minimal change disease. | journal=J Am Soc Nephrol | year= 1999 | volume= 10 | issue= 2 | pages= 323-31 |pmid=10215332 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=10215332 }} </ref> The mean age among adults is much more difficult to calculate because unlike children whose primary disease is almost always MCD, secondary etiologies of nephrotic syndrome, such as HIV and diabetes, are much more common and corresponding age distribution is very wide. | ||
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]
Epidemiology and Demographics
Nephrotic syndrome may affect children and adults alike. There is no age or ethnic predominance. According to observational studies, the prevalence in children has a 2 to 1 male to female ratio.[1] In adults, however, the prevalence is the same in both genders. In total, the incidence of nephrotic syndrome is the same for adults and for children. Idiopathic nephrotic syndrome has an incidence of 2-7 cases per 100,000 and a prevalence of 16 cases per 100,000.[2]
Approximately 70-90% of children less than 10 years of age with nephrotic syndrome are diagnosed with minimal change disease (MCD), a common form of primary glomerulonephritis characterized by normal glomeruli on light microscopy and by podocyte effacement on electron microscopy.[3][4][5] In older children, MCD still accounts for 50% of nephrotic syndrome.[4][5] In adults, the prevalence of MCD is much lower. Adult-onset MCD only comprises 10-15% of all cases of MCD. On the other hand, the incidence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is higher, especially in African-American patients.[5]
In children, the mean age for presentation is approximately 1-8 years. According to Madani and colleagues[6], who studied nephrotic syndrome in 502 pediatric patients, 67% of patients were in the range of 1-5 years of age. Other findings showed similar age distribution.[7][8][9][10] The mean age among adults is much more difficult to calculate because unlike children whose primary disease is almost always MCD, secondary etiologies of nephrotic syndrome, such as HIV and diabetes, are much more common and corresponding age distribution is very wide.
References
- ↑ "The primary nephrotic syndrome in children. Identification of patients with minimal change nephrotic syndrome from initial response to prednisone. A report of the International Study of Kidney Disease in Children". J Pediatr. 98 (4): 561–4. 1981. PMID 7205481.
- ↑ Eddy AA, Symons JM (2003). "Nephrotic syndrome in childhood". Lancet. 362 (9384): 629–39. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14184-0. PMID 12944064.
- ↑ Cho MH, Hong EH, Lee TH, Ko CW (2007). "Pathophysiology of minimal change nephrotic syndrome and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis". Nephrology (Carlton). 12 Suppl 3: S11–4. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1797.2007.00875.x. PMID 17995521.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Cameron JS (1996). "Nephrotic syndrome in the elderly". Semin Nephrol. 16 (4): 319–29. PMID 8829270.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Cameron JS, Turner DR, Ogg CS, Sharpstone P, Brown CB (1974). "The nephrotic syndrome in adults with 'minimal change' glomerular lesions". Q J Med. 43 (171): 461–88. PMID 4422336.
- ↑ Kirpekar R, Yorgin PD, Tune BM, Kim MK, Sibley RK (2002). "Clinicopathologic correlates predict the outcome in children with steroid-resistant idiopathic nephrotic syndrome treated with pulse methylprednisolone therapy". Am J Kidney Dis. 39 (6): 1143–52. doi:10.1053/ajkd.2002.33382. PMID 12046024.
- ↑ Kumar J, Gulati S, Sharma AP, Sharma RK, Gupta RK (2003). "Histopathological spectrum of childhood nephrotic syndrome in Indian children". Pediatr Nephrol. 18 (7): 657–60. doi:10.1007/s00467-003-1154-9. PMID 12743793.
- ↑ Kari JA (2002). "Changing trends of histopathology in childhood nephrotic syndrome in western Saudi Arabia". Saudi Med J. 23 (3): 317–21. PMID 11938425.
- ↑ Mattoo TK, Mahmood MA, al-Harbi MS (1990). "Nephrotic syndrome in Saudi children clinicopathological study of 150 cases". Pediatr Nephrol. 4 (5): 517–9. PMID 2242321.
- ↑ Vande Walle JG, Donckerwolcke RA, Koomans HA (1999). "Pathophysiology of edema formation in children with nephrotic syndrome not due to minimal change disease". J Am Soc Nephrol. 10 (2): 323–31. PMID 10215332.