Community-acquired pneumonia causes

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Chetan Lokhande, M.B.B.S [2]

Overview

Community-acquired pneumonia can be caused by viral, bacterial, and fungal organisms. Causative etiology varies with age, immune status, epidemiologic background, and comorbidity.

Causes

Common causes

Neonates

• Bacteria

1. Listeria monocytogenes
2. Mycobacterium tuberculosis

• Viruses

1. Herpes simplex virus
2. Adenovirus
3. Mumps
4. Enterovirus

Children

• Bacteria

1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2. Chlamydophila pneumoniae
3. Legionella pneumophila
4. Chlamydia trachomatis

• Viruses

1. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
2. Metapneumovirus
3. Adenovirus
4. Parainfluenza
5. Influenza
6. Rhinovirus

Adults

• Typical Bacteria

1. Streptococcus pneumoniae
2. Hemophilus influenzae
3. Escherichia coli
4. Klebsiella pneumoniae
5. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

• Atypical Bacteria

1. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
2. Chlamydophila pneumoniae
3. Legionella pneumophila

• Viruses

1. Influenza
2. Parainfluenza
3. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
4. Metapneumovirus
5. Adenovirus

• Newborn infants, children, and adults are at risk for different spectrums of disease causing microorganisms.

• In addition, adults with chronic illnesses, who live in certain parts of the world, who reside in nursing homes, who have recently been treated with antibiotics, or who are alcoholics are at risk for unique infections.

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying cause
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying cause
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying cause
Gastroenterologic	No underlying cause
Genetic	No underlying cause
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	General anaesthesia
Infectious Disease	Acinetobacter baumann, Acinetobacter spp, Actinomycosis, Adenovirus serotypes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 35, Adenovirus, Aids-related opportunistic infections, Aspergillosis , Aspiration, Bacillus anthracis, Bird flu (avian influenza) , BlastomycosisBurkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei , C. pneumoniae, Chicken pox, Chlamydia pneumoniae , Chlamydophila pneumoniae,Coccidioides immitis, Coronaviruses, Cryptococcus neoformans, Cytomegalovirus, Cytomegalovirus, E.coli, Enterovirus 71 ,Enterovirus, Francisella tularenis infection, Gram-negative bacilli, Group b streptococcal infections , H. influenzae, H1n1 flu , Haemophilus influenzae, Hantavirus , Herpes simplex virus, Histoplasma capsulatum, Histoplasmosis, Human bocavirus,Human parechovirus types 1, 2, and 3, Influenza, K.pneumonia, Klebsiella sp, Legionella pneumophila, [Legionella species]], Legionnaires' disease, Listeria monocytogenes, M. pneumoniae, Measles, Melioidosis, Metapneumovirus, Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirusMoraxella catarrhalis, Mumps, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, Mycobacterium haemophilum , Mycobacterium kansasii, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, New haven coronavirus, Nocardia, Paragonimiasis , Parainfluenza , Parainfluenza virus type 1 , Parainfluenza virus type 2, Parainfluenza virus type 3 , Parainfluenza virus type 4 .., Parainfluenza, Pittsburgh pneumonia, Pneumococcal pneumonia , Pneumococcus, Pneumocystis jiroveci, Pneumonic plague , Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas pseudomallei , Psittacosis , Psittacosis, Q fever , Q fever, Rat-bite fever, Respiratory syncytial virus, Respiratory viruses, Rhinovirus,Rhodococcus equi, S. pneumoniae, Sars ., Sars, Serratia , Severe acute respiratory syndrome, Sporotrichosis Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus group a, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Swine flu, Toxocariasis ,Toxoplasma gondii, Trichosporon , Trypanosomiasis , Type a influenza , Type a influenza subtype h1 , Type a influenza subtype h10n71,Type a influenza subtype h1n1, Type a influenza subtype h1n2 1, Type a influenza subtype h2n2 , Type a influenza subtype h3n2, Type a influenza subtype h5 , Type a influenza subtype h5n1 , Type a influenza subtype h7 , Type a influenza subtype h7n2 , Type a influenza subtype h7n3 ,Type a influenza subtype h7n7 , Type a influenza subtype h9 , Type a influenza subtype h9n2, Type b influenza , Type c influenza ,Typhus, Varicella-zoster virus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Zygomycosis,
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying cause
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying cause
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying cause
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying cause
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying cause

Causes in Alphabetical Order

• Acinetobacter baumannii
• Acinetobacter
• Actinomycosis
• Adenovirus (serotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 14, 21, 35)
• AIDS-related opportunistic infections
• Aspergillosis
• Aspiration
• Bacillus anthracis
• Bird flu (avian influenza)
• Blastomycosis
• Burkholderia cepacia
• Burkholderia pseudomallei
• Chlamydophila pneumoniae
• Chickenpox
• Coccidioides immitis
• Coronavirus
• Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
• Cryptococcus neoformans
• Cytomegalovirus
• Escherichia coli
• Enterovirus
• Francisella tularensis
• Gram-negative bacilli
• Haemophilus influenzae
• H1N1 flu
• Haemophilus influenzae
• Hantavirus
• Herpes simplex virus
• Histoplasma capsulatum
• Histoplasmosis
• Human bocavirus
• Human parechovirus types 1, 2, and 3
• Influenza
• Klebsiella pneumoniae

• Legionella micdadei
• Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires' disease)
• Listeria monocytogenes
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Measles
• Melioidosis
• Metapneumovirus
• Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus
• Moraxella catarrhalis
• Mumps
• Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
• Mycobacterium haemophilum
• Mycobacterium kansasii
• Mycoplasma pneumoniae
• Neisseria meningitidis
• New Haven coronavirus
• Nocardia
• Paragonimiasis
• Parainfluenza
• Pneumocystis jiroveci
• Pneumonic plague
• Proteus
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa
• Psittacosis
• Rat-bite fever

• Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
• Rhinovirus
• Rhodococcus equi
• Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus)
• SARS
• Serratia
• Severe acute respiratory syndrome
• Sporotrichosis
• Staphylococcus aureus
• Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus)
• Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus)
• Streptococcus pneumoniae
• Swine flu
• Toxocariasis
• Toxoplasma gondii
• Trichosporon
• Trypanosomiasis
• Typhus
• Varicella-zoster virus
• Yersinia enterocolitica
• Yersinia pestis
• Zygomycosis