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| | {{Magnesium sulfate}} |
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| | Name = Magnesium sulfate | | | Name = Magnesium sulfate |
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| ==Overview==
| | {{CMG}}; {{AE}} {{AZ}} |
| '''Magnesium sulfate''' (or sulphate) is a [[chemical compound]] containing [[magnesium]] and [[sulfate]], with the formula MgSO<sub>4</sub>. It is often encountered as the heptahydrate, MgSO<sub>4</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O, commonly called '''Epsom salts'''. [[Anhydrous]] magnesium sulfate is used as a drying agent. Since the anhydrous form is [[hygroscopic]] (readily absorbs water from the air) and therefore harder to weigh accurately, the [[hydrate]] is often preferred when preparing solutions, for example in medical preparations. Epsom salts have traditionally been used as a component of [[bath salts]].
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| ==Origin==
| | '''''For patient information, click <u>[[Magnesium sulfate (patient information)|here]]'''''</u>. |
| In 1618 a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water, but they refused to drink it due to its sour/bitter taste. However the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. Epsom salt was originally prepared by boiling down [[mineral water]]s at Epsom, England, and later prepared from sea water.In modern times, these salts are obtained from certain minerals such as epsomite.
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| ==Agricultural use==
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| In agriculture and gardening, magnesium sulfate is used to correct magnesium deficiency in soil (magnesium is an essential element in the [[chlorophyll]] molecule). It is most commonly applied to potted plants, or to magnesium-hungry crops, such as [[Potato|potatoes]], roses, [[Tomato|tomatoes]], and peppers. The advantage of magnesium sulfate over other magnesium soil amendments (such as dolomitic lime) is its high [[solubility]].
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| ===Medical use=== | | ==Overview== |
| {{Further|[[Hypomagnesemia]]}}
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| Oral magnesium sulfate, or [[magnesium hydroxide]], is commonly used as a [[saline]] [[laxative]]. Epsom salts are also available in a gel form for topical application in treating aches and pains.
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| Indications for its use are
| | ==FDA Package Insert<ref name="dailymed.nlm.nih.gov">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = MAGNESIUM SULFATE (MAGNESIUM SULFATE HEPTAHYDRATE) INJECTION, SOLUTION [PHYSICIANS TOTAL CARE, INC.] | url = http://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/lookup.cfm?setid=70f46528-7a1c-48e7-9f0f-7e920e708d63 | publisher = | date = | accessdate = }}</ref>== |
| * [[Hypomagnesemia]] (low magnesium concentrations in the blood)
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| * Magnesium sulfate is the first-line antidysrhythmic agent for [[Torsades de pointes]] in [[cardiac arrest]] under the 2005 ECC guidelines.
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| * As a [[bronchodilator]] after beta-agonist and [[anticholinergic]] agents have been tried, e.g. in severe exacerbations of [[asthma]].<ref>Blitz M, Blitz S, Hughes R, Diner B, Beasley R, Knopp J, Rowe BH. ''Aerosolized magnesium sulfate for acute asthma: a [[systematic review]].'' Chest 2005;128:337-44. PMID 16002955.</ref> In fact, recent studies have revealed that magnesium sulfate can be nebulized to reduce the symptoms of acute asthma (Blitz ''et al'' 2005). In the UK, it is commonly administered via the [[intravenous]] route for the management of severe [[asthma]] attacks
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| * Users of Epsom Salts in the gel form have reported significant and lasting reduction of pain associated with [[fybromyalgia]] and [[osteoporosis]].<ref>Epsom Salt in gel form [http://www.epsomsaltgel.com/testimonials.html] (republished by J. Drew & Associates, with permission), 2007</ref>
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| * A 2004 research study by [[Rosemary Waring]] at the School of Biosciences, Birmingham University, UK has shown that both magnesium and sulphate are absorbed through the skin when bathing in 1% solution.<ref>Rosemary Waring [http://www.epsomsaltcouncil.org/articles/Report_on_Absorption_of_magnesium_sulfate.pdf Absorption of magnesium sulphate through the skin] (republished by the Epsom Salt Council), 2004</ref>
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| * Magnesium sulfate can be used to treat [[pre-eclampsia]] in pregnant women<ref>BBC News story 'Simple jab averts pregnancy danger' [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/2017219.stm] 30 May 2002</ref>
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| * Magnesium sulfate can also delay labor in the case of premature labor, to delay [[Preterm birth]]
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| * [[Intravenous]] magnesium sulfate may be able to prevent [[cerebral palsy]] in [[preterm]] babies<ref>[http://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSHUN17633820080131?sp=true Epsom salt can prevent cerebral palsy: U.S. study]</ref>
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| * Solutions of sulfate salts such as Epsom salts may be given as first aid for barium poisoning
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| * Magnesium sulfate paste has been used as an agent for drawing (dehydrating) [[boils]] and [[carbuncles]].
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| * Magnesium sulfate solution has also been shown to be an effective aid in the fight against blemishes and acne when applied directly to problematic areas, usually in [[poultice]] form.
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| * Magnesium sulfate when used through soaking, can soothe muscle pains and help improve rough patches in the skin.
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| ==Use in organic chemistry==
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| [[Anhydrous]] magnesium sulfate is commonly used as a desiccant in organic synthesis due to its affinity for water. During workup, an organic phase is saturated with magnesium sulfate until it no longer forms clumps. The hydrated solid is then removed with filtration or decantation.
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| A number of other inorganic sulfate salts, [[sodium sulfate]] and calcium sulfate for example, may also be used in the same way.
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate indications and usage|Indications and Usage]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate dosage and administration|Dosage and Administration]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate dosage forms and strengths|Dosage Forms and Strengths]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate contraindications|Contraindications]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate warnings|Warnings and Precautions]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate adverse reactions|Adverse Reactions]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate drug interactions|Drug Interactions]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate use in specific populations|Use in Specific Populations]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate overdosage|Overdosage]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate description|Description]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate clinical pharmacology|Clinical Pharmacology]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate nonclinical toxicology|Nonclinical Toxicology]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate clinical studies|Clinical Studies]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate how supplied storage and handling|How Supplied/Storage and Handling]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate patient counseling information|Patient Counseling Information]]''' |
| | '''| [[Magnesium sulfate labels and packages|Labels and Packages]]''' |
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| ==Other uses== | | ==Mechanism of Action== |
| Magnesium sulfate is used as in [[bath salts]], particularly in flotation therapy where high concentrations raise the bath water's [[specific gravity]], effectively making the body more buoyant. This property is also used to restore some Lava lamps damaged by being shaken by exchanging the water and adding drops of a concentrated solution until sustainable buoyancy is reached. Traditionally, it is also used to prepare foot baths, intended to soothe sore feet. The reason for the inclusion of the salt is partially cosmetic: the increase in ionic strength prevents some of the temporary skin wrinkling ("pruning") which is caused by prolonged immersion of extremities in pure water. However, magnesium sulfate can also be absorbed into the skin, reducing inflammation. It is also recommended for dropsy treatment for fish.<ref>{{cite web
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| |url=http://www.healthybetta.com/articles/Illness%20Diagonsis/dropsy.html
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| |title=Dropsy
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| |year=2004
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| |publisher=www.healthybetta.com
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| |accessdate=2007-05-20}}</ref>
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| It may also be used as a coagulant for making [[tofu]].
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| Magnesium sulfate is listed as an ingredient in [[Dasani]] brand bottled water, presumably to enhance its mouth feel.
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| ==References== | | ==References== |
| {{reflist|2}} | | |
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| [[Category:Drugs]] | | [[Category:Drugs]] |
| [[Category:Laxatives]]
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| [[Category:Obstetrics]]
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| [[Category:Endocrinology]]
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| {{Mineral supplements}}
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| [[de:Magnesiumsulfat]]
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| [[et:Magneesiumsulfaat]]
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| [[es:Sulfato de magnesio]]
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| [[fr:Sulfate de magnésium]]
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| [[it:Solfato di magnesio]]
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| [[he:מגנזיום גופרתי]]
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| [[nl:Magnesiumsulfaat]]
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| [[ja:硫酸マグネシウム]]
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| [[no:Magnesiumsulfat]]
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| [[pl:Siarczan magnezu]]
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| [[ru:Гептагидрат сульфата магния]]
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| [[sr:Магнезијум сулфат]]
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| [[sv:Magnesiumsulfat]]
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| [[th:แมกนีเซียมซัลเฟต]]
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| [[zh:硫酸镁]]
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