WBR0093: Difference between revisions
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|SubCategory=Neurology | |SubCategory=Neurology | ||
|Prompt=A 75-year-old diabetic woman complains of worsening pain in her feet. The pain started almost 7 months ago and has been increasing in severity lately. The pain is localized in both feet, non-radiating and burning in nature. The patient admits that she has not been compliance with her diabetes medication. Her vitals are blood pressure of 125/80 mmHg, heart rate of 70 beats/minute, temperature of 37 C and respiratory rate of 16 per minute. On physical exam, the patient has decreased sensation in the right and left legs below the knees and decreased Achilles tendon reflexes bilaterally. Laboratory tests reveal an HbA1c level of 15 mg/dL. The patient is educated about the important of adherence to diabetes medication and lifestyle changes to herald the progression of the different complications of diabetes. The physician also considers the prescription of duloxetine to relieve the patient’s symptoms of pain in the feet. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of this drug? | |Prompt=A 75-year-old diabetic woman complains of worsening pain in her feet. The pain started almost 7 months ago and has been increasing in severity lately. The pain is localized in both feet, non-radiating and burning in nature. The patient admits that she has not been compliance with her diabetes medication. Her vitals are blood pressure of 125/80 mmHg, heart rate of 70 beats/minute, temperature of 37 C and respiratory rate of 16 per minute. On physical exam, the patient has decreased sensation in the right and left legs below the knees and decreased Achilles tendon reflexes bilaterally. Laboratory tests reveal an HbA1c level of 15 mg/dL. The patient is educated about the important of adherence to diabetes medication and lifestyle changes to herald the progression of the different complications of diabetes. The physician also considers the prescription of duloxetine to relieve the patient’s symptoms of pain in the feet. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of this drug? | ||
|Explanation=This patient is presenting with peripheral diabetic neuropathy for which she is prescribed [[duloxetine]]. [[Duloxetine]] is a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It inhibits [[norepinephrine]] and 5-HT reuptake. Its side effects are [[hypertension]], [[sedation]], [[nausea]] and stimulant effects. | |Explanation=This patient is presenting with peripheral diabetic neuropathy for which she is prescribed [[duloxetine]]. [[Duloxetine]] is a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It inhibits [[norepinephrine]] and [[5-HT]] reuptake. Its side effects are [[hypertension]], [[sedation]], [[nausea]] and stimulant effects. | ||
'''Wiki-Mnemonics''': | '''Wiki-Mnemonics''': | ||
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# '''DUAL'''xetine = dual mechanism of action (inhibit both [[norepinephrine]] and [[serotonin]] reuptake) | # '''DUAL'''xetine = dual mechanism of action (inhibit both [[norepinephrine]] and [[serotonin]] reuptake) | ||
|AnswerA=Serotonin reuptake inhibitor | |AnswerA=Serotonin reuptake inhibitor | ||
|AnswerAExp=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([[SSRIs]]) inhibit 5-HT reuptake. Examples of [[SSRI]] are [[paroxetine]], [[sertraline]], [[citalopram]] and [[sertraline]]. They are used for [[depression]], [[general anxiety disorder]], [[bulimia bulimia]], [[social phobias]], [[OCD]] and [[PTSD]]. Their side effects include [[sexual dysfunction]] and gastrointestinal distress. When taken in excess, [[SSRI]] can cause [[serotonin syndrome]] if used in combination with other drugs that increase [[serotonin]]. | |AnswerAExp=Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ([[SSRIs]]) inhibit [[5-HT]] reuptake. Examples of [[SSRI]] are [[paroxetine]], [[sertraline]], [[citalopram]] and [[sertraline]]. They are used for [[depression]], [[general anxiety disorder]], [[bulimia bulimia]], [[social phobias]], [[OCD]] and [[PTSD]]. Their side effects include [[sexual dysfunction]] and gastrointestinal distress. When taken in excess, [[SSRI]] can cause [[serotonin syndrome]] if used in combination with other drugs that increase [[serotonin]]. | ||
|AnswerB=Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | |AnswerB=Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor | ||
|AnswerBExp=[[Venlafaxine]] is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and is used for [[general anxiety disorder]] and [[panic disorders]]. | |AnswerBExp=[[Venlafaxine]] is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and is used for [[general anxiety disorder]] and [[panic disorders]]. | ||
|AnswerC=Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism inhibitor | |AnswerC=Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism inhibitor | ||
|AnswerCExp=[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]] (MOI) increase the levels of [[norepinephrine]], 5-HT and [[dopamine]]. MOI include [[phenelzine]], isocarboxacid and [[selegiline]] which is a selective MAO-B inhibitor. They are prescribed mainly for [[atypical depression]]. The major side effects of MOI are hypertensive crisis when combined with [[tyramine]], a compound found in cheese and wine. | |AnswerCExp=[[Monoamine oxidase inhibitors]] (MOI) increase the levels of [[norepinephrine]], [[5-HT]] and [[dopamine]]. MOI include [[phenelzine]], isocarboxacid and [[selegiline]] which is a selective MAO-B inhibitor. They are prescribed mainly for [[atypical depression]]. The major side effects of MOI are hypertensive crisis when combined with [[tyramine]], a compound found in cheese and wine. | ||
|AnswerD=Alpha-2 receptor antagonist | |AnswerD=Alpha-2 receptor antagonist | ||
|AnswerDExp=[[Mirtazapine]] is an alpha-2 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antidepressant which causes increase in appetite and weight gain, thus useful in the elderly and anorexic patients. | |AnswerDExp=[[Mirtazapine]] is an alpha-2 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antidepressant which causes increase in appetite and weight gain, thus useful in the elderly and anorexic patients. | ||
|AnswerE=Alpha-2 receptor agonist | |AnswerE=Alpha-2 receptor agonist | ||
|AnswerEExp=[[Methyldopa]] and [[clonidine]] are selective α2-adrenergic agonists. Methyldopa is used to treat [[hypertension]], especially in pregnant women. [[Clonidine]] can be used for [[hypertension]], [[anxiety]], [[panic disorder]], and certain pain conditions. | |AnswerEExp=[[Methyldopa]] and [[clonidine]] are selective α2-adrenergic agonists. Methyldopa is used to treat [[hypertension]], especially in pregnant women. [[Clonidine]] can be used for [[hypertension]], [[anxiety]], [[panic disorder]], and certain pain conditions. | ||
|EducationalObjectives=# Duloxetine is an atypical antidepressant, which can be used for peripheral diabetic neuropathy. It inhibits both NE and 5-HT reuptake, having a dual mechanism of action. | |EducationalObjectives=# Duloxetine is an atypical antidepressant, which can be used for peripheral diabetic neuropathy. It inhibits both NE and [[5-HT]] reuptake, having a dual mechanism of action. | ||
# Venlaxafine has the same mechanism of action as duloxetine. | # Venlaxafine has the same mechanism of action as duloxetine. | ||
|References=First Aid 2013 page 472-476 | |References=First Aid 2013 page 472-476 | ||
Revision as of 20:40, 22 March 2014
| Author | PageAuthor::Gonzalo Romero |
|---|---|
| Exam Type | ExamType::USMLE Step 1 |
| Main Category | MainCategory::Behavioral Science/Psychiatry, MainCategory::Pharmacology |
| Sub Category | SubCategory::Neurology |
| Prompt | [[Prompt::A 75-year-old diabetic woman complains of worsening pain in her feet. The pain started almost 7 months ago and has been increasing in severity lately. The pain is localized in both feet, non-radiating and burning in nature. The patient admits that she has not been compliance with her diabetes medication. Her vitals are blood pressure of 125/80 mmHg, heart rate of 70 beats/minute, temperature of 37 C and respiratory rate of 16 per minute. On physical exam, the patient has decreased sensation in the right and left legs below the knees and decreased Achilles tendon reflexes bilaterally. Laboratory tests reveal an HbA1c level of 15 mg/dL. The patient is educated about the important of adherence to diabetes medication and lifestyle changes to herald the progression of the different complications of diabetes. The physician also considers the prescription of duloxetine to relieve the patient’s symptoms of pain in the feet. Which of the following is the mechanism of action of this drug?]] |
| Answer A | AnswerA::Serotonin reuptake inhibitor |
| Answer A Explanation | [[AnswerAExp::Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) inhibit 5-HT reuptake. Examples of SSRI are paroxetine, sertraline, citalopram and sertraline. They are used for depression, general anxiety disorder, bulimia bulimia, social phobias, OCD and PTSD. Their side effects include sexual dysfunction and gastrointestinal distress. When taken in excess, SSRI can cause serotonin syndrome if used in combination with other drugs that increase serotonin.]] |
| Answer B | AnswerB::Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor |
| Answer B Explanation | [[AnswerBExp::Venlafaxine is a serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor and is used for general anxiety disorder and panic disorders.]] |
| Answer C | AnswerC::Serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine metabolism inhibitor |
| Answer C Explanation | [[AnswerCExp::Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOI) increase the levels of norepinephrine, 5-HT and dopamine. MOI include phenelzine, isocarboxacid and selegiline which is a selective MAO-B inhibitor. They are prescribed mainly for atypical depression. The major side effects of MOI are hypertensive crisis when combined with tyramine, a compound found in cheese and wine.]] |
| Answer D | AnswerD::Alpha-2 receptor antagonist |
| Answer D Explanation | [[AnswerDExp::Mirtazapine is an alpha-2 receptor antagonist. It is an atypical antidepressant which causes increase in appetite and weight gain, thus useful in the elderly and anorexic patients.]] |
| Answer E | AnswerE::Alpha-2 receptor agonist |
| Answer E Explanation | [[AnswerEExp::Methyldopa and clonidine are selective α2-adrenergic agonists. Methyldopa is used to treat hypertension, especially in pregnant women. Clonidine can be used for hypertension, anxiety, panic disorder, and certain pain conditions.]] |
| Right Answer | RightAnswer::B |
| Explanation | [[Explanation::This patient is presenting with peripheral diabetic neuropathy for which she is prescribed duloxetine. Duloxetine is a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). It inhibits norepinephrine and 5-HT reuptake. Its side effects are hypertension, sedation, nausea and stimulant effects.
Wiki-Mnemonics:
Educational Objective: # Duloxetine is an atypical antidepressant, which can be used for peripheral diabetic neuropathy. It inhibits both NE and 5-HT reuptake, having a dual mechanism of action.
References: First Aid 2013 page 472-476]] |
| Approved | Approved::Yes |
| Keyword | |
| Linked Question | Linked:: |
| Order in Linked Questions | LinkedOrder:: |