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| ==Overview== | | ==Overview== |
| There are multiple causes of QT prolongation that are distinct from Long QT syndrome such as drugs (anti-arrhythmic drugs, anti-psychotic drugs), electrolyte disturbances ([[hyperkalaemia]], [[hypocalcaemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypokalaemia]], and [[hypomagnesemia]]), neurologic events such as [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]], and [[anorexia nervosa]]. | | Long QT syndrome is a congenital disease resulting from abnormalities in the ion channels of the heart. Long QT syndrome should be differentiated from secondary QT prolongation. There are multiple causes of secondary QT prolongation that are distinct from long QT syndrome such as drugs (anti-arrhythmic drugs, anti-psychotic drugs), electrolyte disturbances ([[hyperkalaemia]], [[hypocalcaemia]], [[hypoglycaemia]], [[hypokalaemia]], and [[hypomagnesemia]]), neurologic events such as [[subarachnoid hemorrhage]], and [[anorexia nervosa]]. |
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| ==Causes== | | ==Causes of QT Prolongation== |
| ===Common Causes=== | | ===Common Causes=== |
| ====Drugs==== | | ====Drugs==== |
Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [2]
Overview
Long QT syndrome is a congenital disease resulting from abnormalities in the ion channels of the heart. Long QT syndrome should be differentiated from secondary QT prolongation. There are multiple causes of secondary QT prolongation that are distinct from long QT syndrome such as drugs (anti-arrhythmic drugs, anti-psychotic drugs), electrolyte disturbances (hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalaemia, and hypomagnesemia), neurologic events such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, and anorexia nervosa.
Causes of QT Prolongation
Common Causes
Drugs
Drug induced QT prolongation is usually a result of treatment by anti-arrhythmic drugs or a number of other drugs that have been reported to cause this problem (e.g. cisapride). Some anti-psychotic drugs, such as Haloperidol and Ziprasidone, have a prolonged QT interval as a rare side effect. Genetic mutations may make one more susceptible to drug induced QT prolongation.
Long QT Syndrome
Genetic abnormalities cause the Long QT Syndrome.
Electrolyte Disturbances
Electrolyte disturbances such as hyperkalaemia, hypocalcaemia, hypoglycaemia, hypokalaemia, and hypomagnesemia can cause QT prolongation.
Neurologic Events
Subarachnoid hemorrhage and other intracranial events can cause QT prolongation. Widely slayed cerebral T waves are often seen as well.
Anorexia Nervosa
Anorexia nervosa and starvation can cause QT prolongation.
Causes by Organ System
| Cardiovascular
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Ischaemic heart disease, Long QT syndrome, Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Romano-Ward syndrome, Timothy syndrome
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| Chemical / poisoning
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Arsenicals, cesium
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| Dermatologic
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No underlying causes
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| Drug Side Effect
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Alimemazine, Almokalant, Amiodarone, Amitriptyline, Arsenic trioxide, Asenapine, Astemizole, Azimilide, Azithromycin, Bepridil, Bretylium, Budipine, Chloroquine, Cibenzoline, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Crizotinib, Desipramine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Eribulin mesylate, Fluconazole, Grepafloxacin, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Ibutilide, Imipramine, Indapamide, Ketanserin, Ketoconazole, Lidoflazine, Lubeluzole, Methadone, Methadyl acetate, Midodrine, Mizolastine, Moxifloxacin, Naratriptan, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Ondansetron, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Pimozide, Piperaquine, Prenylamine, Probucol, Procainamide, Propoxyphene, Quinidine, Quinine, Ranolazine, Retigabine, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Tedisamil, Telithromycin, Terfenadine, Terodiline, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Vandetanib, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Vernakalant, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, Ziprasidone, Zotepine, Zuclopenthixol
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| Ear Nose Throat
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No underlying causes
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| Endocrine
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Hypothyroidism
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| Environmental
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Zero gravity, cesium
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| Gastroenterologic
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No underlying causes
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| Genetic
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Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, Long QT syndrome, Myotonic dystrophy, Romano-Ward syndrome, Timothy syndrome
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| Hematologic
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No underlying causes
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| Iatrogenic
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Cesium poisoning
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| Infectious Disease
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No underlying causes
|
| Musculoskeletal / Ortho
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Myotonic dystrophy, Andersen cardiodysrhythmic periodic paralysis, Timothy syndrome
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| Neurologic
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage
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| Nutritional / Metabolic
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Acute starvation, Anorexia nervosa, Cesium, Hyperkalaemia, Hypocalcaemia, Hypoglycaemia, Hypokalaemia, Hypomagnesemia
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| Obstetric/Gynecologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Oncologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Opthalmologic
|
No underlying causes
|
| Overdose / Toxicity
|
Alimemazine, Almokalant, Amiodarone, Amitriptyline, Arsenic trioxide, Asenapine, Astemizole, Azimilide, Azithromycin, Bepridil, Bretylium, Budipine, Cesium, Chloroquine, Cibenzoline, Cisapride, Citalopram, Clomipramine, Clozapine, Crizotinib, Desipramine, Diphenhydramine, Disopyramide, Dofetilide, Dolasetron, Doxepin, Dronedarone, Droperidol, Eribulin mesylate, Fluconazole, Grepafloxacin, Halofantrine, Haloperidol, Ibutilide, Imipramine, Indapamide, Ketanserin, Ketoconazole, Lidoflazine, Lubeluzole, Methadone, Methadyl acetate, Midodrine, Mizolastine, Moxifloxacin, Naratriptan, Nicardipine, Nilotinib, Ondansetron, Pasireotide, Pazopanib, Pentamidine, Pimozide, Piperaquine, Prenylamine, Probucol, Procainamide, Propoxyphene, Quinidine, Quinine, Ranolazine, Retigabine, Ritodrine, Ritonavir, Saquinavir, Sertindole, Sotalol, Sparfloxacin, Tedisamil, Telithromycin, Terfenadine, Terodiline, Tetrabenazine, Thioridazine, Vandetanib, Vemurafenib, Venlafaxine, Vernakalant, Voriconazole, Vorinostat, Ziprasidone, Zotepine, Zuclopenthixol
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| Psychiatric
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Anorexia nervosa, Timothy syndrome
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| Pulmonary
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No underlying causes
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| Renal / Electrolyte
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No underlying causes
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| Rheum / Immune / Allergy
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No underlying causes
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| Sexual
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No underlying causes
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| Trauma
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No underlying causes
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| Urologic
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No underlying causes
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| Dental
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No underlying causes
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| Miscellaneous
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Hypothermia, Acute starvation
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Causes in Alphabetical Order
References