Chikungunya epidemiology and demographics

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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Alejandro Lemor, M.D. [2], Alonso Alvarado, M.D. [3]

Overview

Chikungunya was first described in Tanzania, Africa in 1952. Chikungunya outbreaks have occurred in countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

In late 2013, the first local transmission of chikungunya virus in the Americas was identified in Caribbean countries and territories. Local transmission means that mosquitoes in the area have been infected with the virus and are spreading it to people.

Epidemiology and Demographics

In 2014, 28 cases of chikungunya have been reported by the CDC up to June 2. Florida is the state with more reported cases (16 patients), Virgina has 3 reported cases, Connecticut 2 reported cases, and other states had 1 reported case (Arkansas, California, Maryland, Nevada, New York, Puerto Rico and US Virgin Islands).

In December 2013, the World Health Organization (WHO) reported local transmission of chikungunya in Saint Martin. Local transmission means that mosquitoes in the area have been infected with chikungunya and are spreading it to people. This is the first time that local transmission of chikungunya has been reported in the Americas.

Local transmission of chikungunya is now being reported in other countries in the Caribbean. As of June 4, 2014, the following Caribbean countries have reported cases of chikungunya: Anguilla, Antigua, British Virgin Islands, Dominica, Dominican Republic, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Guyana, Haiti, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Saint Barthelemy, Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia, Saint Martin (French), Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Sint Maarten (Dutch).

Chikungunya is generally not fatal. However, in 2005-2006, 200 deaths were associated with chikungunya on Réunion island and a widespread outbreak in India, primarily in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala, and Andhra Pradesh.

After flood and heavy rains in Rajasthan, India in August 2006, thousands of cases were detected in Rajsamand, Bhilwara, Udaipur, and Chittorgarh districts and also in adjoining regions of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, and in Sri Lanka. In the southern Indian state of Kerala, 125 deaths were attributed to Chikungunya with the majority of the casualties reported in the district of Alapuzha, primarily in Cherthala.

In December 2006, an outbreak of 3,500 confirmed cases occurred in Maldives, and over 60,000 cases in Sri Lanka, with over 80 deaths. In October 2006 more than a dozen cases of Chikungunya were reported in Pakistan.

A recent outbreak of the disease during June 2007 in Pathanamthitta, Kottayam and Alappuzha districts of South Kerala, India claimed more than 50 lives. It is confirmed officially that there are 7000 confirmed Chikungunya patients in these areas. Unofficial reports suggest that more than one hundred thousand are suffering from symptoms of chikungunya. The European Network for Diagnostics of "Imported" Viral Diseases [4] claims that new phylogenetic variants of the virus which are fatal have been identified on Réunion. [5].

In August/September 2007 some 160 people were infected in Italy's northern Ravenna region, resulting in one fatality.

Countries and territories where chikungunya cases have been reported Africa Asia Americas Europe Oceania / Pacific Islands Benin Burundi Cameroon Central African Republic Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Equatorial Guinea Gabon Guinea Kenya Madagascar Malawi Mauritius Mayotte Nigeria Republic of Congo Reunion Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone South Africa Sudan Tanzania Uganda Zimbabwe Bangladesh Bhutan Cambodia China India Indonesia Laos Malaysia Maldives Myanmar (Burma) Pakistan Philippines Singapore Sri Lanka Taiwan Thailand Timor Vietnam Yemen Anguilla Antigua and Barbuda British Virgin Islands Dominica Dominican Republic French Guiana Guadeloupe Guyana Haiti Martinique Puerto Rico Saint Barthelemy Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Martin Sint Maarten Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Italy France Federal States of Micronesia New Caledonia Papua New Guinea

Countries and territories where chikungunya cases have been reported (June 2, 2014) Countries and territories in the Americas where chikungunya cases have been reported (June 2, 2014) Countries and territories in the Caribbean where chikungunya cases have been reported (June 2, 2014)

External Links

• CDC Chikungunya virus