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==Causes of hepatomegaly==
==CAUSES OF LIVEDOID VASCULITIS==
===Inflammatory Liver Disease===
A number of conditions may cause the appearance of livedo reticularis:
*[[Hepatitis]]:Infectious
* [[Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita]] a rare [[congenital]] condition
:*Bacterial
* [[Sneddon syndrome]] - association of Livedoid vasculitis and systemic vascular disorders, such as  strokes, due to underlying genetic cause.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sneddon I |title=Cerebro-Vascular Lesions And Livedo Reticularis |journal=Br J Dermatol |volume=77 |issue= |pages=180-5 |year=1965 | month=Apr |id=PMID 14278790}}</ref>
:*:*[[Glandular fever]] ([[Infectious mononucleosis]]). This is caused by the [[Epstein-Barr Virus]] ([[EBV]]).
* '''Idiopathic livedo reticularis''' - is the commonest cause of livedo reticularis appearance and is a completely benign condition of unknown cause affecting mostly young women during the winter.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gibbs M, English J, Zirwas M |title=Livedo reticularis: an update |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1009-19 |year=2005 |id=PMID 15928620}}</ref> May be mild, but ulceration may occur later in the summer.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Feldaker M, Hines E, Kierland R |title=Livedo reticularis with summer ulcerations |journal=AMA Arch Derm |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=31-42 |year=1955 |id=PMID 14387292}}</ref>
:*:*[[Malaria]]
* '''Secondary livedo reticularis''':
:*:*[[Hydatid cyst]]  
** [[Vasculitis]] [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune conditions]]:
:*:*[[Leptospirosis]]
*** Livedoid vasculitis - with painful ulceration occurring in the lower legs
:*:*[[Actinomycosis]]
*** [[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
:*Viral
*** [[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Golden R |title=Livedo reticularis in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=87 |issue= |pages=299-301 |year=1963 | month=Mar |id=PMID 13948706}}</ref>
:*:*[[Hepatitis A]]
*** [[Dermatomyositis]]
:*:*[[Hepatitis B]]
*** [[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
:*:*[[HIV]]
*** [[Lymphoma]]
:*[[Schistosomiasis]]
*** [[Pancreatitis]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sigmund W, Shelley W |title=Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=251 |issue=21 |pages=851-3 |year=1954 |id=PMID 13214346}}</ref>
*Others
*** [[Tuberculosis]]
:*Alcoholic hepatitis
*** [[Amantadine]] (drug)
:*Other toxins induced hepatitis
** Obstruction of capillaries:
:*Drug-induced hepatitis
*** [[Cryoglobulinaemia]] - proteins in the blood that clump together in cold conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Langhof H, Braun G, Matzkowski H |title=[Livedo reticularis due to cold gelation of the blood by gamma-plasmacytoma.] |journal=Arch Klin Exp Dermatol |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=343-50 |year=1957 |id=PMID 13522017}}</ref>
:*Autoimmune hepatitis
*** [[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] due to small blood clots
:*Steatohepatitis
*** [[Hypercalcaemia]] (raised blood calcium levels which may be deposited in the capillaries)
:*[[Steatosis]]
*** Haematological disorders of [[Polycythemia|Polycythaemia rubra vera]] or [[Thrombocytosis]] (excessive red cells or platelets)
*Abscess
*** Infections ([[syphilis]] and tuberculosis)
:*Pyogenic
*** [[Arteriosclerosis]] ([[cholesterol emboli syndrome]])<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kazmier F, Sheps S, Bernatz P, Sayre G |title=Livedo reticularis and digital infarcts: a syndrome due to cholesterol emboli arising from atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysms |journal=Vasc Dis |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=12-24 |year=1966 |id=PMID 5903590}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stewart W, Lauret P, Testart J, Thomine E, Boulliê M, Leroy D |title=[Cutaneous cholesterol emboli (author's transl)] |journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=5-8 |year=1977 |id=PMID 843026}}</ref> and [[homocystinuria]] (due to [[Chromosome 21 (human)|Chromosome 21]] autosomal recessive [[Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency]])
:*Amebic
*** Intra-arterial injection (especially in drug addicts)
*[[Cholangitis]]
 
:*Suppurative
*[[Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita]], a rare [[congenital]] condition
:*Sclerosing
*[[Sneddon syndrome]] - association of livedoid vasculitis and systemic vascular disorders, such as  strokes, due to underlying genetic cause<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sneddon |first1=I. B. |first2=I. B. |title=Cerebro-Vascular Lesions And Livedo Reticularis |journal=British Journal of Dermatology |volume=77 |issue=4 |pages=180–5 |date=April 1965 |pmid=14278790 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2133.1965.tb14628.x}}</ref>
*Pericholangitis (especially related to [[ulcerative colitis]])
*Idiopathic livedo reticularis - the most common form of livedo reticularis, completely benign condition of unknown cause affecting mostly young women during the winter:<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Mark B. |last1=Gibbs |first2=Joseph C. |last2=English |first3=Matthew J. |last3=Zirwas |title=Livedo reticularis: an update |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=52 |issue=6 |pages=1009–19 |year=2005 |pmid=15928620 |doi=10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.051}}</ref> It is a lacy purple appearance of skin in extremities due to sluggish venous blood flow. It may be mild, but ulceration may occur later in the summer.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Feldaker M, Hines E, Kierland R |title=Livedo reticularis with summer ulcerations |journal=AMA Arch Derm |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=31–42 |year=1955 |pmid=14387292 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1955.03730310033007}}</ref>
*Secondary livedo reticularis:
**[[Vasculitis]] [[Autoimmunity|autoimmune conditions]]:
***[[Livedoid vasculitis]] - with painful ulceration occurring in the lower legs
***[[Polyarteritis nodosa]]
***[[Systemic lupus erythematosus]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Golden R |title=Livedo reticularis in systemic lupus erythematosus |journal=Arch Dermatol |volume=87 |issue= |pages=299–301 |date=March 1963 |pmid=13948706 |doi=10.1001/archderm.1963.01590150015002}}</ref>
***[[Dermatomyositis]]
***[[Rheumatoid arthritis]]
***[[Lymphoma]]
***[[Pancreatitis]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sigmund W, Shelley W |title=Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=251 |issue=21 |pages=851–3 |year=1954 |pmid=13214346 |doi=10.1056/NEJM195411182512104}}</ref>
***Chronic pancreatitis.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=Jennifer W. |last2=Helms |first2=Stephen E. |last3=Schulz |first3=Susan M.| last4=Stevens |first4=Seth R. |year=1998 |title=Relapsing livedo reticularis in the setting of chronic pancreatitis |journal=Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology |volume=39 |issue=6 |pages=1035–1036 |pmid=9843029 |doi=10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70290-7}}</ref>
***[[Tuberculosis]]
**Drug-related:
***[[Amantadine]] (side effect)
**Obstruction of capillaries:
***[[Cryoglobulinaemia]] - proteins in the blood that clump together in cold conditions<ref>{{cite journal |author=Langhof H, Braun G, Matzkowski H |title=Livedo reticularis durch Kältegelierung des Blutes bei γ-Plasmocytom |trans_title=Livedo reticularis due to cold gelation of the blood by gamma-plasmacytoma |language=de |journal=Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Dermatologie |volume=205 |issue=4 |pages=343–50 |year=1957 |pmid=13522017 |doi=10.1007/BF00693523}}</ref>
***[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]] due to small blood clots
***[[Hypercalcaemia]] (raised blood calcium levels which may be deposited in the capillaries)
***Haematological disorders of [[Polycythemia|polycythaemia rubra vera]] or [[thrombocytosis]] (excessive red cells or platelets)
***Infections ([[syphilis]], tuberculosis, Lyme disease)
***Associated with [[acute renal failure]] due to cholesterol emboli status after cardiac catheterization
***[[Arteriosclerosis]] ([[cholesterol emboli]])<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kazmier F, Sheps S, Bernatz P, Sayre G |title=Livedo reticularis and digital infarcts: a syndrome due to cholesterol emboli arising from atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysms |journal=Vasc Dis |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=12–24 |year=1966 |pmid=5903590}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Stewart W, Lauret P, Testart J, Thomine E, Boulliê M, Leroy D |title=Les manifestations cutanées des emoblies de critaux de cholestérol |trans_title=Cutaneous cholesterol emboli |language=fr |journal=Ann Dermatol Venereol |volume=104 |issue=1 |pages=5–8 |year=1977 |pmid=843026}}</ref> and [[homocystinuria]] (due to [[Chromosome 21 (human)|Chromosome 21]] autosomal recessive [[Cystathionine beta synthase deficiency]])
***Intra-arterial injection (especially in drug addicts)
**[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]—connective tissue disorder, often with many secondary conditions, may be present in all types
***Beta IFN treatment in ''i.e.'' multiple sclerosis<ref>{{cite journal  |last1=Rot |first1=Uroš |last2=Ledinek |first2=Alenka Horvat |date=December 2013 |title=Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis |journal=Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery |volume=115 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S79–81 |doi=10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027 |pmid=24321162}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fox |first1=Michelle |last2=Tahan |first2=Steven |last3=Kim |first3=Caroline C. |year=2012 |title=Livedo Reticularis: A Side Effect of Interferon Therapy in a Pediatric Patient with Melanoma |journal=Pediatric Dermatology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=333–5 |pmid=21575046 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cruz |first1=Boris Afonso |last2=de Queiroz |first2=Eustáquio |last3=Nunes |first3=Simone Vilela |last4=Cruz Filho |first4=Achiles |last5=Campos |first5=Gilberto Belisario |last6=de Carvalho Monteiro |first6=Ernesto Lentz |last7=Crivellari |first7=Humberto |title=Fênomeno de Raynaud grave associado a terapia com interferon-beta para esclerose múltipla: relato de caso |trans_title=Severe Raynaud's phenomenon associated with interferon-beta therapy for multiple sclerosis: case report |language=Portuguese |journal=Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria |volume=58 |issue=2B |year=2000 |pages=556–9 |pmid=10920422 |doi=10.1590/S0004-282X2000000300025}}</ref>
***Pheochromocytoma<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1210/jc.2012-2842 |title=Livedo Reticularis in a Patient with Pheochromocytoma Resolving After Adrenalectomy |journal=The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=439–40 |year=2013 |last1=Buckley |first1=Sarah A. |last2=Lessing |first2=Juan N. |last3=Mark |first3=Nicholas M.}}</ref>
***Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=23268168 |title=Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation |url=http://www.sma.org.sg/UploadedImg/files/SMJ/5312/5312cr3.pdf}}</ref>
***FILS syndrome (polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1084/jem.20121303 |pmid=23230001 |pmc=3526359 |title=Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ('FILS syndrome') |journal=Journal of Experimental Medicine |year=2012 |first1=Jana |last1=Pachlopnik Schmid |last2=Lemoine |first3=Nadine |last3=Nehme |first4=Valéry |last4=Cormier-Daire |first5=Patrick |last5=Revy |first6=Franck |last6=Debeurme |first7=Marianne |last7=Debré |first8=Patrick |last8=Nitschke |first9=Christine |last9=Bole-Feysot |first10=Laurence |last10=Legeai-Mallet |first11=Annick |last11=Lim |first12=Jean-Pierre |last12=de Villartay |first13=Capucine |last13=Picard |first14=Anne |last14=Durandy |first15=Alain |last15=Fischer |first16=Geneviève |last16=de Saint Basile |volume=209 |issue=13 |pages=2323–30}}</ref>
***Primary hyperoxaluria, oxalosis (oxalate vasculopathy)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019 |title=Oxalosis y livedo reticularis |trans_title=Oxalosis and Livedo Reticularis |language=Spanish |journal=Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas |volume=104 |issue=9 |pages=815–8 |year=2013 |last1=Jorquera-Barquero |first1=E.|last2=Súarez-Marrero |first2=M.C. |last3=Fernández Girón |first3=F. |last4=Borrero Martín |first4=J.J. |pmid=23103120}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Primary hyperoxaluria in a 27-year-old woman |pmid=14512927}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Primary hyperoxaluria: report of a patient with livedo reticularis and digital infarcts |pmid=11807460}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Livedo reticularis, ulcers, and peripheral gangrene: cutaneous manifestations of primary hyperoxaluria |pmid=11030785}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title= Steroid-responsive pleuropericarditis and livedo reticularis in an unusual case of adult-onset primary hyperoxaluria |pmid=10196036}}</ref>
***Cytomegalovirus infection (very rare clinical form, presenting with persistent fever and livedo reticularis on the extremities and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis of the toes)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.002 |pmid=22975173 |title=Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis: Case report and literature review |journal=The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=482–5 |year=2012 |last1=Arslan |first1=Ferhat |last2=Batirel |first2=Ayse |last3=Mert |first3=Ali |last4=Ozer |first4=Serdar}}</ref>
***Livedo reticularis associated with rasagiline<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Lindsay C. |last1=Strowd |first2=Andrew D. |last2=Lee |first3=Gil |last3=Yosipovitch |date=June 2012 |title=Livedo Reticularis Associated With Rasagiline (Azilect) |journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology |volume=11 |issue=6 |pages=764–5 |pmid=22648227 |url=http://jddonline.com/articles/dermatology/S1545961612P0764X}}</ref>
***Generalized livedo reticularis induced by silicone implants for soft tissue augmentation<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/DAD.0b013e31821cb3c5 |pmid=22441370 |title=Generalized Livedo Reticularis Induced by Silicone Implants for Soft Tissue Augmentation |journal=The American Journal of Dermatopathology |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=203–7 |year=2012 |last1=Camacho |first1=Diana |last2=Machan |first2=Shalma |last3=Pilesanski |first3=Ursula |last4=Revelles |first4=Juan Maria |last5=Martín |first5=Lucia |last6=Requena |first6=Luis}}</ref>
***As a rare skin finding in children with Down syndrome<ref>{{cite journal |title=Mucocutaneous disorders in children with down syndrome: case-controlled study |pmid=22303799}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Mucocutaneous findings in 100 children with Down syndrome |pmid=17542890}}</ref>
***Idiopathic livedo reticularis with polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jle.com/en/revues/medecine/ejd/e-docs/00/04/66/BD/article.phtml |title=John Libbey Eurotext : Éditions médicales et scientifiques France : revues, médicales, scientifiques, médecine, santé, livres |publisher=Jle.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-19}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>
***CO<sub>2</sub> angiography (rare, reported case)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.jvir.2010.11.012|pmid=21277800|title=Livedo Reticularis and Bowel Ischemia after Carbon Dioxide Arteriography in a Patient with CREST Syndrome|journal=Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology|volume=22|issue=3|pages=395|year=2011|last1=Johnson|first1=Philip L.|last2=Neperud|first2=Julie|last3=Arnold|first3=Jill|last4=Thomas|first4=James}}</ref>
***A less common skin lesion of Churg-Strauss syndrome<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10067-010-1593-1 |pmid=20949297 |title=Cutaneous manifestations of Churg–Strauss syndrome: Report of two cases and review of the literature |journal=Clinical Rheumatology |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=573–80 |year=2010 |last1=Bosco |first1=Laura |last2=Peroni |first2=Anna |last3=Schena |first3=Donatella |last4=Colato |first4=Chiara |last5=Girolomoni |first5=Giampiero}}</ref>
***Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and Sjögren's syndrome<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jle.com/en/revues/medecine/ejd/e-docs/00/04/5C/C9/article.phtml |title=John Libbey Eurotext : Éditions médicales et scientifiques France : revues, médicales, scientifiques, médecine, santé, livres |publisher=Jle.com |date= |accessdate=2014-03-19}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>
***Livedo vasculopathy associated with IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody<ref name=pmid20526560>{{cite journal |doi=10.2340/00015555-0835 |pmid=20526560 |title=Livedo Vasculopathy Associated with IgM Anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin Complex Antibody |journal=Acta Dermato Venereologica |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=313–4 |year=2010 |last1=Tabata |first1=N |last2=Oonami |first2=K |last3=Ishibashi |first3=M |last4=Yamazaki |first4=M}}</ref>
***Livedo vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity<ref name=pmid20526560/>
***As a first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma (very rare)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02801.x|pmid=19120398|title=Generalized livedo reticularis as the first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=34|issue=2|pages=253|year=2009|last1=Gambichler|first1=T.|last2=Baier|first2=P.|last3=Altmeyer|first3=P.}}</ref>
***Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma (rare)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.00895.x|pmid=11454094|title=Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=40|issue=4|pages=299|year=2001|last1=Erel|first1=Arzu|last2=Ozsoy|first2=Esra|last3=University|first3=Gazi}}</ref>
***Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine-induced peripheral vasculopathy<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181639aaa|title=Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine-Induced Peripheral Vasculopathy|journal=JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology|volume=14|pages=30|year=2008|last1=Syed|first1=Reema H.|last2=Moore|first2=Terry L.}}</ref>
***Gefitinib<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03319.x|pmid=18173531|title=Livedo reticularis with retiform purpura associated with gefitinib (Iressa®)|journal=International Journal of Dermatology|volume=46|issue=12|pages=1307|year=2007|last1=Blume|first1=Jonathan E.|last2=Miller|first2=Craig C.}}</ref>
***Buerger's disease (as an initial symptom)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0143 |pmid=17978541|title=Buerger's Disease Manifesting Nodular Erythema with Livedo Reticularis|journal=Internal Medicine|volume=46|issue=21|pages=1815|year=2007|last1=Takanashi|first1=Tetsuo|last2=Horigome|first2=Reiko|last3=Okuda|first3=Yasuaki|last4=Nose|first4=Masato|last5=Matsuda|first5=Masayuki|last6=Ikeda|first6=Shu-Ichi}}</ref>
***As a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism<ref>{{cite journal |title=Livedo reticularis: a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism associated with anticardiolipin antibodies |pmid=15255431}}</ref>
***Associated with pernicious anaemia<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01285_5.x|title=Celecoxib-induced fixed drug eruption|journal=Clinical and Experimental Dermatology|volume=28|issue=4|pages=452|year=2003|last1=Bandyopadhyay|first1=D.}}</ref>
***Moyamoya disease (a rare, chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknown etiology, characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis leading to an abnormal capillary network and resultant ischemic strokes or cerebral hemorrhages)<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1525-1470.2003.20205.x|pmid=12657007|title=Livedo Reticularis in a Child with Moyamoya Disease|journal=Pediatric Dermatology|volume=20|issue=2|pages=124|year=2003|last1=Richards|first1=Kristen A.|last2=Paller|first2=Amy S.}}</ref>
***Associated with the use of a midline catheter<ref>{{cite journal |title=Livedo reticularis associated with the use of a midline catheter |pmid=12578157}}</ref>
***Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia|pmid=10188150}}</ref>
 


===[[Chronic Liver Disease]]===
*Alcoholic
*Posthepatitic
*Postnecrotic
*Cholestatic


===Cirrhotic===
*Portal
*Biliary
*Cardiac
:*[[Tricuspid insufficiency]]


===Metabolic Disorders===
*[[Hemochromatosis]]


===[[Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency]]===
*[[Wilson's disease]]
*[[Cystic fibrosis]]


===Other Causes===
*Extrahepatic biliary obstruction
:*[[Choledocholithiasis]]
:*Biliary stricture
:*[[Pancreatitis]]
:*[[Carcinoma]]
:*:*[[Bile duct]]s ([[cholangiocarcinoma]])
:*:*Head of pancreas
:*:*[[Ampulla of Vater]]
:*External compression
*Hepatic congestion
:*[[Congestive heart failure]]
:*[[Constrictive pericarditis]]
:*[[Budd-Chiari syndrome]] (hepatic outflow obstruction, [[hepatic vein obstruction]])
:*:*Thrombosis
:*:*[[Tumor]]
:*:*Web ([[inferior vena cava]])
*Veno-occlusive disease
:*Jamaican herbal tea
:*After bone-marrow transplantation
*Infiltrative disorders, storage diseases
:*Lipid accumulation
:*:*[[Fatty liver]]
:*:*:*Alcohol
:*:*:*[[Diabetes mellitus]]
:*:*:*[[Obesity]]
:*:*:*Severe protein malnutrition ([[Kwashiorkor]]: dietary protein deficiency)
:*:*:*Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
:*:*:*Jejunoileal bypass
:*:*:*Parenteral hyperalimentation
:*:*:*[[Corticosteroid]]s, [[Cushing's syndrome]]
:*:*:*Fatty liver of pregnancy
:*:*:*Massive [[tetracycline]] therapy
:*:*:*Toxins (e.g., [[carbon tetrachloride]], dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane)
:*:*:*[[Reye's syndrome]]
:*:*[[Lipid storage disease]] (especially [[Gaucher's disease]], [[Niemann-Pick disease]])
:*Glycogen accumulation
:*:*[[Glycogen storage disease]]
:*:*Diabetic glycogenosis
:*Granulomatous infiltration (especially [[sarcoidosis]], [[miliary tuberculosis]], disseminated fungal diseases, some drug reactions)
:*Myeloproliferative and lymphoproliferative disorders
:*:*[[Lymphoma]]
:*:*[[Myeloid metaplasia]]
:*:*[[Multiple myeloma]]
:*:*[[Leukemia]]
:*[[Amyloidosis]]
:*[[Congenital hepatic fibrosis]]
:*[[Hemochromatosis]]
:*[[Wilson's disease]]
*[[Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency]]
:*[[Hurler's syndrome]]
*Neoplasms
:*Primary
:*:*Malignant
:*:*:[[Hepatocellular carcinoma]]
:*:*:[[Cholangiocarcinoma]]
:*:*:[[Angiosarcoma]]
:*:*Benign
:*:*:[[Hepatic adenoma]]
:*:*:[[Hemangioma]]
:*:*:[[Focal nodular hyperplasia]]
:*:*:[[Adenoma]]
:*Metastatic
:*:*[[Pancreas]]
:*:*[[Colon]]
:*:*[[Lung]]
:*:*[[Breast]]
:*:*[[Stomach]]
:*:*[[Kidney]]
:*:*[[Esophagus]]
:*:*[[Carcinoid]]
*Cysts
:*Congenital
:*:*Solitary
:*:*Polycystic
:*Acquired (especially echinococcal)
*[[Hunter syndrome]]
*[[Zellweger's syndrome]]
*[[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency]]
*[[Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency]]
*[[Carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency]]


{{familytree/start}}
{{familytree/start}}
Line 267: Line 220:
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]  
*[[Urofacial syndrome]]  
*[[Vesicoenteric fistula]]  
*[[Vesicoenteric fistula]]  
*[[Xanthinuria]]  
*[[Xanthinuria]]
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


==References==
{{Reflist|2}}


==Overview==
==Overview==

Revision as of 15:42, 18 June 2014


CAUSES OF LIVEDOID VASCULITIS

A number of conditions may cause the appearance of livedo reticularis:

  • Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita, a rare congenital condition
  • Sneddon syndrome - association of livedoid vasculitis and systemic vascular disorders, such as strokes, due to underlying genetic cause[9]
  • Idiopathic livedo reticularis - the most common form of livedo reticularis, completely benign condition of unknown cause affecting mostly young women during the winter:[10] It is a lacy purple appearance of skin in extremities due to sluggish venous blood flow. It may be mild, but ulceration may occur later in the summer.[11]
  • Secondary livedo reticularis:
    • Vasculitis autoimmune conditions:
    • Drug-related:
    • Obstruction of capillaries:
    • Ehlers-Danlos syndrome—connective tissue disorder, often with many secondary conditions, may be present in all types
      • Beta IFN treatment in i.e. multiple sclerosis[18][19][20]
      • Pheochromocytoma[21]
      • Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation[22]
      • FILS syndrome (polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature)[23]
      • Primary hyperoxaluria, oxalosis (oxalate vasculopathy)[24][25][26][27][28]
      • Cytomegalovirus infection (very rare clinical form, presenting with persistent fever and livedo reticularis on the extremities and cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis of the toes)[29]
      • Livedo reticularis associated with rasagiline[30]
      • Generalized livedo reticularis induced by silicone implants for soft tissue augmentation[31]
      • As a rare skin finding in children with Down syndrome[32][33]
      • Idiopathic livedo reticularis with polyclonal IgM hypergammopathy[34]
      • CO2 angiography (rare, reported case)[35]
      • A less common skin lesion of Churg-Strauss syndrome[36]
      • Erythema nodosum-like cutaneous lesions of sarcoidosis showing livedoid changes in a patient with sarcoidosis and Sjögren's syndrome[37]
      • Livedo vasculopathy associated with IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody[38]
      • Livedo vasculopathy associated with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter homozygosity and prothrombin G20210A heterozygosity[38]
      • As a first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma (very rare)[39]
      • Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma (rare)[40]
      • Methylphenidate and dextroamphetamine-induced peripheral vasculopathy[41]
      • Gefitinib[42]
      • Buerger's disease (as an initial symptom)[43]
      • As a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism[44]
      • Associated with pernicious anaemia[45]
      • Moyamoya disease (a rare, chronic cerebrovascular occlusive disease of unknown etiology, characterized by progressive stenosis of the arteries of the circle of Willis leading to an abnormal capillary network and resultant ischemic strokes or cerebral hemorrhages)[46]
      • Associated with the use of a midline catheter[47]
      • Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia.[48]




 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 









Primary treatment option
Atropine
❑ Administer a first dose 0.5 mg IV bolus
❑ Repeat every 3-5 minutes
❑ Administer a maximum dose of 3 mg
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Secondary treatment options
If atropine ineffective:
❑ Administer dopamine infusion (2-10 mcg/kg/min)
OR
❑ Administer epinephrine infusion (2-10 mcg/min)
OR
❑ Proceed with transcutaneous pacing
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
❑ Consult a cardiologist
❑ Consider transvenous pacing
 
 
 
 
 
 






References

  1. ↑ Sneddon I (1965). "Cerebro-Vascular Lesions And Livedo Reticularis". Br J Dermatol. 77: 180–5. PMID 14278790. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ Gibbs M, English J, Zirwas M (2005). "Livedo reticularis: an update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 52 (6): 1009–19. PMID 15928620.
  3. ↑ Feldaker M, Hines E, Kierland R (1955). "Livedo reticularis with summer ulcerations". AMA Arch Derm. 72 (1): 31–42. PMID 14387292.
  4. ↑ Golden R (1963). "Livedo reticularis in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arch Dermatol. 87: 299–301. PMID 13948706. Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  5. ↑ Sigmund W, Shelley W (1954). "Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis". N Engl J Med. 251 (21): 851–3. PMID 13214346.
  6. ↑ Langhof H, Braun G, Matzkowski H (1957). "[Livedo reticularis due to cold gelation of the blood by gamma-plasmacytoma.]". Arch Klin Exp Dermatol. 205 (4): 343–50. PMID 13522017.
  7. ↑ Kazmier F, Sheps S, Bernatz P, Sayre G (1966). "Livedo reticularis and digital infarcts: a syndrome due to cholesterol emboli arising from atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysms". Vasc Dis. 3 (1): 12–24. PMID 5903590.
  8. ↑ Stewart W, Lauret P, Testart J, Thomine E, Boulliê M, Leroy D (1977). "[Cutaneous cholesterol emboli (author's transl)]". Ann Dermatol Venereol. 104 (1): 5–8. PMID 843026.
  9. ↑ Sneddon, I. B. (April 1965). "Cerebro-Vascular Lesions And Livedo Reticularis". British Journal of Dermatology. 77 (4): 180–5. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.1965.tb14628.x. PMID 14278790. |first2= missing |last2= in Authors list (help)
  10. ↑ Gibbs, Mark B.; English, Joseph C.; Zirwas, Matthew J. (2005). "Livedo reticularis: an update". J Am Acad Dermatol. 52 (6): 1009–19. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2004.11.051. PMID 15928620.
  11. ↑ Feldaker M, Hines E, Kierland R (1955). "Livedo reticularis with summer ulcerations". AMA Arch Derm. 72 (1): 31–42. doi:10.1001/archderm.1955.03730310033007. PMID 14387292.
  12. ↑ Golden R (March 1963). "Livedo reticularis in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arch Dermatol. 87: 299–301. doi:10.1001/archderm.1963.01590150015002. PMID 13948706.
  13. ↑ Sigmund W, Shelley W (1954). "Cutaneous manifestations of acute pancreatitis, with special reference to livedo reticularis". N Engl J Med. 251 (21): 851–3. doi:10.1056/NEJM195411182512104. PMID 13214346.
  14. ↑ Gould, Jennifer W.; Helms, Stephen E.; Schulz, Susan M.; Stevens, Seth R. (1998). "Relapsing livedo reticularis in the setting of chronic pancreatitis". Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology. 39 (6): 1035–1036. doi:10.1016/S0190-9622(98)70290-7. PMID 9843029.
  15. ↑ Langhof H, Braun G, Matzkowski H (1957). "Livedo reticularis durch Kältegelierung des Blutes bei γ-Plasmocytom". Archiv für klinische und experimentelle Dermatologie (in Deutsch). 205 (4): 343–50. doi:10.1007/BF00693523. PMID 13522017. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)
  16. ↑ Kazmier F, Sheps S, Bernatz P, Sayre G (1966). "Livedo reticularis and digital infarcts: a syndrome due to cholesterol emboli arising from atheromatous abdominal aortic aneurysms". Vasc Dis. 3 (1): 12–24. PMID 5903590.
  17. ↑ Stewart W, Lauret P, Testart J, Thomine E, Boulliê M, Leroy D (1977). "Les manifestations cutanées des emoblies de critaux de cholestérol". Ann Dermatol Venereol (in français). 104 (1): 5–8. PMID 843026. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Rot, Uroš; Ledinek, Alenka Horvat (December 2013). "Interferons beta have vasoconstrictive and procoagulant effects: a woman who developed livedo reticularis and Raynaud phenomenon in association with interferon beta treatment for multiple sclerosis". Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery. 115 (Suppl 1): S79–81. doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2013.09.027. PMID 24321162.
  19. ↑ Fox, Michelle; Tahan, Steven; Kim, Caroline C. (2012). "Livedo Reticularis: A Side Effect of Interferon Therapy in a Pediatric Patient with Melanoma". Pediatric Dermatology. 29 (3): 333–5. doi:10.1111/j.1525-1470.2011.01426.x. PMID 21575046.
  20. ↑ Cruz, Boris Afonso; de Queiroz, Eustáquio; Nunes, Simone Vilela; Cruz Filho, Achiles; Campos, Gilberto Belisario; de Carvalho Monteiro, Ernesto Lentz; Crivellari, Humberto (2000). "Fênomeno de Raynaud grave associado a terapia com interferon-beta para esclerose múltipla: relato de caso". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria (in Portuguese). 58 (2B): 556–9. doi:10.1590/S0004-282X2000000300025. PMID 10920422. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Buckley, Sarah A.; Lessing, Juan N.; Mark, Nicholas M. (2013). "Livedo Reticularis in a Patient with Pheochromocytoma Resolving After Adrenalectomy". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 98 (2): 439–40. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-2842.
  22. ↑ "Livedoid vasculopathy and its association with factor V Leiden mutation" (PDF). PMID 23268168.
  23. ↑ Pachlopnik Schmid, Jana; Lemoine; Nehme, Nadine; Cormier-Daire, Valéry; Revy, Patrick; Debeurme, Franck; Debré, Marianne; Nitschke, Patrick; Bole-Feysot, Christine; Legeai-Mallet, Laurence; Lim, Annick; de Villartay, Jean-Pierre; Picard, Capucine; Durandy, Anne; Fischer, Alain; de Saint Basile, Geneviève (2012). "Polymerase ε1 mutation in a human syndrome with facial dysmorphism, immunodeficiency, livedo, and short stature ('FILS syndrome')". Journal of Experimental Medicine. 209 (13): 2323–30. doi:10.1084/jem.20121303. PMC 3526359. PMID 23230001.
  24. ↑ Jorquera-Barquero, E.; Súarez-Marrero, M.C.; Fernández Girón, F.; Borrero Martín, J.J. (2013). "Oxalosis y livedo reticularis". Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (in Spanish). 104 (9): 815–8. doi:10.1016/j.ad.2012.04.019. PMID 23103120. Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)
  25. ↑ "Primary hyperoxaluria in a 27-year-old woman". PMID 14512927.
  26. ↑ "Primary hyperoxaluria: report of a patient with livedo reticularis and digital infarcts". PMID 11807460.
  27. ↑ "Livedo reticularis, ulcers, and peripheral gangrene: cutaneous manifestations of primary hyperoxaluria". PMID 11030785.
  28. ↑ "Steroid-responsive pleuropericarditis and livedo reticularis in an unusual case of adult-onset primary hyperoxaluria". PMID 10196036.
  29. ↑ Arslan, Ferhat; Batirel, Ayse; Mert, Ali; Ozer, Serdar (2012). "Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related cutaneous necrotizing vasculitis: Case report and literature review". The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 16 (5): 482–5. doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2012.08.002. PMID 22975173.
  30. ↑ Strowd, Lindsay C.; Lee, Andrew D.; Yosipovitch, Gil (June 2012). "Livedo Reticularis Associated With Rasagiline (Azilect)". Journal of Drugs in Dermatology. 11 (6): 764–5. PMID 22648227.
  31. ↑ Camacho, Diana; Machan, Shalma; Pilesanski, Ursula; Revelles, Juan Maria; Martín, Lucia; Requena, Luis (2012). "Generalized Livedo Reticularis Induced by Silicone Implants for Soft Tissue Augmentation". The American Journal of Dermatopathology. 34 (2): 203–7. doi:10.1097/DAD.0b013e31821cb3c5. PMID 22441370.
  32. ↑ "Mucocutaneous disorders in children with down syndrome: case-controlled study". PMID 22303799.
  33. ↑ "Mucocutaneous findings in 100 children with Down syndrome". PMID 17542890.
  34. ↑ "John Libbey Eurotext : Éditions médicales et scientifiques France : revues, médicales, scientifiques, médecine, santé, livres". Jle.com. Retrieved 2014-03-19.[dead link]
  35. ↑ Johnson, Philip L.; Neperud, Julie; Arnold, Jill; Thomas, James (2011). "Livedo Reticularis and Bowel Ischemia after Carbon Dioxide Arteriography in a Patient with CREST Syndrome". Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology. 22 (3): 395. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2010.11.012. PMID 21277800.
  36. ↑ Bosco, Laura; Peroni, Anna; Schena, Donatella; Colato, Chiara; Girolomoni, Giampiero (2010). "Cutaneous manifestations of Churg–Strauss syndrome: Report of two cases and review of the literature". Clinical Rheumatology. 30 (4): 573–80. doi:10.1007/s10067-010-1593-1. PMID 20949297.
  37. ↑ "John Libbey Eurotext : Éditions médicales et scientifiques France : revues, médicales, scientifiques, médecine, santé, livres". Jle.com. Retrieved 2014-03-19.[dead link]
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Tabata, N; Oonami, K; Ishibashi, M; Yamazaki, M (2010). "Livedo Vasculopathy Associated with IgM Anti-phosphatidylserine-prothrombin Complex Antibody". Acta Dermato Venereologica. 90 (3): 313–4. doi:10.2340/00015555-0835. PMID 20526560.
  39. ↑ Gambichler, T.; Baier, P.; Altmeyer, P. (2009). "Generalized livedo reticularis as the first sign of metastatic breast carcinoma". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 34 (2): 253. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2008.02801.x. PMID 19120398.
  40. ↑ Erel, Arzu; Ozsoy, Esra; University, Gazi (2001). "Livedo reticularis associated with renal cell carcinoma". International Journal of Dermatology. 40 (4): 299. doi:10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.00895.x. PMID 11454094.
  41. ↑ Syed, Reema H.; Moore, Terry L. (2008). "Methylphenidate and Dextroamphetamine-Induced Peripheral Vasculopathy". JCR: Journal of Clinical Rheumatology. 14: 30. doi:10.1097/RHU.0b013e3181639aaa.
  42. ↑ Blume, Jonathan E.; Miller, Craig C. (2007). "Livedo reticularis with retiform purpura associated with gefitinib (Iressa®)". International Journal of Dermatology. 46 (12): 1307. doi:10.1111/j.1365-4632.2007.03319.x. PMID 18173531.
  43. ↑ Takanashi, Tetsuo; Horigome, Reiko; Okuda, Yasuaki; Nose, Masato; Matsuda, Masayuki; Ikeda, Shu-Ichi (2007). "Buerger's Disease Manifesting Nodular Erythema with Livedo Reticularis". Internal Medicine. 46 (21): 1815. doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.46.0143. PMID 17978541.
  44. ↑ "Livedo reticularis: a rare manifestation of Graves hyperthyroidism associated with anticardiolipin antibodies". PMID 15255431.
  45. ↑ Bandyopadhyay, D. (2003). "Celecoxib-induced fixed drug eruption". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology. 28 (4): 452. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2230.2003.01285_5.x.
  46. ↑ Richards, Kristen A.; Paller, Amy S. (2003). "Livedo Reticularis in a Child with Moyamoya Disease". Pediatric Dermatology. 20 (2): 124. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2003.20205.x. PMID 12657007.
  47. ↑ "Livedo reticularis associated with the use of a midline catheter". PMID 12578157.
  48. ↑ "Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia". PMID 10188150.

Overview

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Common Causes

Diagnosis

Focused Initial Rapid Evaluation

Complete Evaluation

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
A01
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
B01
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
C01
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
D01
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
D02
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E01
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
E02
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
F01
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 


Treatment

Do's

Don'ts

References

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