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This system is based on 4 factors:<ref name="www.cancer.org">{{Cite web | title = How is multiple myeloma staged? | url = http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-staging}}</ref> | This system is based on 4 factors:<ref name="www.cancer.org">{{Cite web | title = How is multiple myeloma staged? | url = http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-staging}}</ref> | ||
# '''The amount of abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin in the blood or urine'''. Large amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulin indicate that significant malignant plasma cells are present and are producing that abnormal protein. | # '''The amount of abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin in the blood or urine'''. Large amounts of monoclonal [[immunoglobulin]] indicate that significant malignant [[plasma cells]] are present and are producing that abnormal [[protein]]. | ||
# '''The amount of calcium in the blood'''. High blood calcium levels can be related to advanced bone resorption. | # '''The amount of calcium in the blood'''. High blood [[calcium]] levels can be related to advanced [[bone resorption]]. | ||
# '''The severity of bone damage based on X-rays'''. Multiple areas of bone damage seen on X-rays indicate an advanced stage of multiple myeloma. | # '''The severity of bone damage based on X-rays'''. Multiple areas of bone damage seen on X-rays indicate an advanced stage of [[multiple myeloma]]. | ||
# '''The amount of hemoglobin in the blood'''. Low hemoglobin levels indicate that the myeloma cells occupy much of the bone marrow and that not enough space is left for the normal marrow cells to make enough red blood | # '''The amount of hemoglobin in the blood'''. Low [[hemoglobin]] levels indicate that the [[myeloma]] cells occupy much of the [[bone marrow]] and that not enough space is left for the normal [[marrow]] cells to make enough [[red blood cell]]s. | ||
This system uses these factors to divide myeloma into 3 stages. Stage I indicates the smallest amount of tumor, and stage III indicates the largest amount of tumor. The table below describes the criteria for the Durie-Salmon staging system:<ref>{{Cite journal | issn = 0008-543X | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 842–854 | last = Durie | first = B G | coauthors = S E Salmon | title = A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival | journal = Cancer | date = 1975-09 | pmid = 1182674 }}</ref> | This system uses these factors to divide myeloma into 3 stages. Stage I indicates the smallest amount of tumor, and stage III indicates the largest amount of tumor. The table below describes the criteria for the Durie-Salmon staging system:<ref>{{Cite journal | issn = 0008-543X | volume = 36 | issue = 3 | pages = 842–854 | last = Durie | first = B G | coauthors = S E Salmon | title = A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival | journal = Cancer | date = 1975-09 | pmid = 1182674 }}</ref> | ||
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===International Staging System=== | |||
This system divides myeloma into 3 stages based only on the serum [[beta-2 microglobulin]] and serum [[albumin]] levels.<ref name="www.cancer.org">{{Cite web | title = How is multiple myeloma staged? | url = http://www.cancer.org/cancer/multiplemyeloma/detailedguide/multiple-myeloma-staging}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Revision as of 02:19, 22 June 2014
Template:Plasma cell neoplasm Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Ammu Susheela, M.D. [2]
Staging
Durie-Salmon Staging System
This system is based on 4 factors:[1]
- The amount of abnormal monoclonal immunoglobulin in the blood or urine. Large amounts of monoclonal immunoglobulin indicate that significant malignant plasma cells are present and are producing that abnormal protein.
- The amount of calcium in the blood. High blood calcium levels can be related to advanced bone resorption.
- The severity of bone damage based on X-rays. Multiple areas of bone damage seen on X-rays indicate an advanced stage of multiple myeloma.
- The amount of hemoglobin in the blood. Low hemoglobin levels indicate that the myeloma cells occupy much of the bone marrow and that not enough space is left for the normal marrow cells to make enough red blood cells.
This system uses these factors to divide myeloma into 3 stages. Stage I indicates the smallest amount of tumor, and stage III indicates the largest amount of tumor. The table below describes the criteria for the Durie-Salmon staging system:[2]
| Stage | Criteria | Cell Mass (x1012/m2) |
|---|---|---|
| I | All of the following:
|
<0.6 (Low) |
| II | Fitting neither Stage I nor Stage III | 0.6–1.2 (Intermediate) |
| III | One or more of the following:
|
>1.2 (High) |
International Staging System
This system divides myeloma into 3 stages based only on the serum beta-2 microglobulin and serum albumin levels.[1]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "How is multiple myeloma staged?".
- ↑ Durie, B G (1975-09). "A clinical staging system for multiple myeloma. Correlation of measured myeloma cell mass with presenting clinical features, response to treatment, and survival". Cancer. 36 (3): 842–854. ISSN 0008-543X. PMID 1182674. Unknown parameter
|coauthors=ignored (help); Check date values in:|date=(help)