Livedoid vasculitis: Difference between revisions

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Revision as of 21:04, 29 June 2014

Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]

Synonyms and keywords: Livedo reticularis; livedo vasculitis; livedoid vasculopathy; primary livedo reticularis; idiopathic livedo reticularis; vitiligo reticularis

Overview

Livedoid vasculitis is a vascular disorder mostly affecting women. It may be aggravated by exposure to cold and occurs most often in the lower extremities. It can also be associated with the presence of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (the Antiphospholipid syndrome).

Historical Perspective

The condition's name derives from the Latin livere meaning bluish.

Causes

Life Threatening Causes

Life-threatening causes include conditions which may result in death or permanent disability within 24 hours if left untreated.

Common Causes

Causes by Organ System

Cardiovascular	No underlying causes
Chemical/Poisoning	No underlying causes
Dental	No underlying causes
Dermatologic	No underlying causes
Drug Side Effect	No underlying causes
Ear Nose Throat	No underlying causes
Endocrine	No underlying causes
Environmental	No underlying causes
Gastroenterologic	No underlying causes
Genetic	No underlying causes
Hematologic	No underlying causes
Iatrogenic	No underlying causes
Infectious Disease	No underlying causes
Musculoskeletal/Orthopedic	No underlying causes
Neurologic	No underlying causes
Nutritional/Metabolic	No underlying causes
Obstetric/Gynecologic	No underlying causes
Oncologic	No underlying causes
Ophthalmologic	No underlying causes
Overdose/Toxicity	No underlying causes
Psychiatric	No underlying causes
Pulmonary	No underlying causes
Renal/Electrolyte	No underlying causes
Rheumatology/Immunology/Allergy	No underlying causes
Sexual	No underlying causes
Trauma	No underlying causes
Urologic	No underlying causes
Miscellaneous	No underlying causes

Causes in Alphabetical Order

Treatment

Other than identifying and treating any underlying conditions in secondary livedo,^[10] idiopathic livedo reticularis itself may improve with warming the legs, but once established the skin discolouration may become permanent.

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I (2006). "Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis". Arch Dermatol. 142 (11): 1413–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413. PMID 17116831.
↑ Asherson RA, Cervera R (1993). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". J Invest Dermatol. 100 (1): 21S–27S. PMID 8423386.
↑ Gibson GE, Su WP, Pittelkow MR (1997). "Antiphospholipid syndrome and the skin". J Am Acad Dermatol. 36 (6 Pt 1): 970–82. PMID 9204065.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF (2008). "Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 1 (4): 22–4. PMC 3016933. PMID 21212844.
↑ Namazi MR, Kerchner KR, Pichardo RO (2008). "Essential type II mixed cryoglobulinemia causing pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers". ScientificWorldJournal. 8: 228. doi:10.1100/tsw.2008.44. PMID 18335149.
↑ Stephansson EA, Niemi KM, Jouhikainen T, Vaarala O, Palosuo T (1991). "Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A longterm follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings". Acta Derm Venereol. 71 (5): 416–22. PMID 1684471.
↑ Toth C, Trotter M, Clark A, Zochodne D (2003). "Mononeuropathy multiplex in association with livedoid vasculitis". Muscle Nerve. 28 (5): 634–9. doi:10.1002/mus.10450. PMID 14571469.
↑ Thomas JR, Winkelmann RK (1983). "Vascular ulcers in scleroderma". Arch Dermatol. 119 (10): 803–7. PMID 6137196.
↑ Yasue T (1986). "Livedoid vasculitis and central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arch Dermatol. 122 (1): 66–70. PMID 3942409.
↑ Fleischer A, Resnick S (1990). "Livedo reticularis". Dermatol Clin. 8 (2): 347–54. PMID 2191805.

Template:WikiDoc Sources

[pmid17116831-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I (2006). "Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis". Arch Dermatol. 142 (11): 1413–8. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413. PMID 17116831.

[pmid8423386-2] Asherson RA, Cervera R (1993). "Antiphospholipid syndrome". J Invest Dermatol. 100 (1): 21S–27S. PMID 8423386.

[pmid9204065-3] Gibson GE, Su WP, Pittelkow MR (1997). "Antiphospholipid syndrome and the skin". J Am Acad Dermatol. 36 (6 Pt 1): 970–82. PMID 9204065.

[pmid21212844-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 ^4.5 Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF (2008). "Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy". J Clin Aesthet Dermatol. 1 (4): 22–4. PMC 3016933. PMID 21212844.

[pmid18335149-5] Namazi MR, Kerchner KR, Pichardo RO (2008). "Essential type II mixed cryoglobulinemia causing pyoderma gangrenosum-like ulcers". ScientificWorldJournal. 8: 228. doi:10.1100/tsw.2008.44. PMID 18335149.

[pmid1684471-6] Stephansson EA, Niemi KM, Jouhikainen T, Vaarala O, Palosuo T (1991). "Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A longterm follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings". Acta Derm Venereol. 71 (5): 416–22. PMID 1684471.

[pmid14571469-7] Toth C, Trotter M, Clark A, Zochodne D (2003). "Mononeuropathy multiplex in association with livedoid vasculitis". Muscle Nerve. 28 (5): 634–9. doi:10.1002/mus.10450. PMID 14571469.

[pmid6137196-8] Thomas JR, Winkelmann RK (1983). "Vascular ulcers in scleroderma". Arch Dermatol. 119 (10): 803–7. PMID 6137196.

[pmid3942409-9] Yasue T (1986). "Livedoid vasculitis and central nervous system involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus". Arch Dermatol. 122 (1): 66–70. PMID 3942409.

[10] Fleischer A, Resnick S (1990). "Livedo reticularis". Dermatol Clin. 8 (2): 347–54. PMID 2191805.

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@@ Line 143: / Line 143: @@
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Amantadine]]
-*[[Anticardiolipin syndrome]]
+*[[Anticardiolipin syndrome]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831  }} </ref>
-*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]
+*[[Antiphospholipid syndrome]]<ref name="pmid8423386">{{cite journal| author=Asherson RA, Cervera R| title=Antiphospholipid syndrome. | journal=J Invest Dermatol | year= 1993 | volume= 100 | issue= 1 | pages= 21S-27S | pmid=8423386 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=8423386  }} </ref><ref name="pmid9204065">{{cite journal| author=Gibson GE, Su WP, Pittelkow MR| title=Antiphospholipid syndrome and the skin. | journal=J Am Acad Dermatol | year= 1997 | volume= 36 | issue= 6 Pt 1 | pages= 970-82 | pmid=9204065 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=9204065  }} </ref>
 *[[Antithrombin III deficiency]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
 *[[Arteriosclerosis]]
@@ Line 161: / Line 161: @@
 *[[Ehlers-Danlos syndrome]]
 *[[Elevated fibrinopeptide A]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
-*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]
+*[[Factor V Leiden mutation]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831  }} </ref>
 *[[Familial primary cryofibrinogenemia]]
 *[[FILS syndrome]]
@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 *[[Homocystinuria]]
 *[[Hypercalcaemia]]
-*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]
+*[[Hyperhomocysteinemia]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831  }} </ref>
 *[[livedo reticularis|Idiopathic livedo reticularis]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
 *[[IgM antiphosphatidylserine-prothrombin complex antibody]]
@@ Line 174: / Line 174: @@
 *[[Increased plasminogen activator release]]<ref name="pmid21212844">{{cite journal| author=Keller MS, Lee J, Webster GF| title=Livedoid thrombotic vasculopathy responding to doxycycline therapy. | journal=J Clin Aesthet Dermatol | year= 2008 | volume= 1 | issue= 4 | pages= 22-4 | pmid=21212844 | doi= | pmc=PMC3016933 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=21212844  }} </ref>
 *[[Interferon type I|Interferon beta treatment]]
-*[[Lupus anticoagulant]]
+*[[Lupus anticoagulant]]<ref name="pmid1684471">{{cite journal| author=Stephansson EA, Niemi KM, Jouhikainen T, Vaarala O, Palosuo T| title=Lupus anticoagulant and the skin. A longterm follow-up study of SLE patients with special reference to histopathological findings. | journal=Acta Derm Venereol | year= 1991 | volume= 71 | issue= 5 | pages= 416-22 | pmid=1684471 | doi= | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=1684471  }} </ref>
 {{col-break|width=33%}}
 *[[Lyme disease]]
@@ Line 194: / Line 194: @@
 *[[Polycythaemia rubra vera]]
 *[[Primary hyperoxaluria]]
-*[[Protein C deficiency]]
+*[[Protein C deficiency]]<ref name="pmid17116831">{{cite journal| author=Hairston BR, Davis MD, Pittelkow MR, Ahmed I| title=Livedoid vasculopathy: further evidence for procoagulant pathogenesis. | journal=Arch Dermatol | year= 2006 | volume= 142 | issue= 11 | pages= 1413-8 | pmid=17116831 | doi=10.1001/archderm.142.11.1413 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=17116831  }} </ref>
 *[[Prothrombin g20210a heterozygosity]]
 *[[Rasagiline]]

v t e Diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (integumentary system) (L, 680-709)
Infections	Template:Navbox subgroup
Bullous disorders	acantholysis (Pemphigus, Transient acantholytic dermatosis) · Pemphigoid (Bullous, Cicatricial, Gestational) · Dermatitis herpetiformis
Inflammatory	Template:Navbox subgroup
Radiation-related disorders	Sunburn · actinic rays (Actinic keratosis, Actinic cheilitis) · Polymorphous light eruption (Acne aestivalis) · Radiodermatitis · Erythema ab igne
Pigmentation disorder	hypopigmentation (Albinism, Vitiligo) · hyperpigmentation (Melasma, Freckle, Café au lait spot, Lentigo/Liver spot, Acanthosis nigricans, Acral acanthotic anomaly)
Other skin	keratosis/hyperkeratosis (Seborrheic keratosis, Callus) · other epidermal thickening (Ichthyosis acquisita, Palmoplantar keratoderma) skin ulcer (Pyoderma gangrenosum, Bedsore) Cutaneous Markers of Internal Malignancy (Florid cutaneous papillomatosis, acanthosis nigricans, sign of Leser-Trelat) atrophic (Lichen sclerosus, Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans) necrobiosis (Granuloma annulare, Necrobiosis lipoidica) · other granuloma (Granuloma faciale, Pyogenic granuloma) cutaneous vasculitis (Livedoid vasculitis, Erythema elevatum diutinum)
Connective tissues	collagen disease: Keloid localized connective tissue disorders: Lupus erythematosus (Discoid lupus erythematosus, Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus) · Scleroderma/Morphea · Linear scleroderma · Calcinosis cutis · Sclerodactyly · Ainhum
see also congenital, neoplasia